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The Big Bang Theory is the leading explanation about how the universe began. At its simplest, it says the universe as we know it started with a small singularity, then inflated over the next 13.8 billion years to the cosmos that we know today.

Because current instruments don't allow astronomers to peer back at the universe's birth, much of what we understand about the Big Bang Theory comes from mathematical formulas and models. Astronomers can, however, see the "echo" of the expansion through a phenomenon known as the cosmic microwave background.

While the majority of the astronomical community accepts the theory, there are some theorists who have alternative explanations besides the Big Bang — such as eternal inflation or an oscillating universe.

The phrase "Big Bang Theory" has been popular among astrophysicists for decades, but it hit the mainstream in 2007 when a comedy show with the same name premiered on CBS. The show follows the home and academic life of several researchers (including an astrophysicist). 

Bradbury uses the functions of the house to symbolize routine and order amid chaos and dysfunction. The fact that Bradbury has the technology of the house surviving after its owners are deceased reveals the author's belief that humanity will be outlasted by its own technology.

Location based services, consists of five basic components- mobile device, positioning, communication network, service provider and content provider.

Hydrogen peroxide is also called as Universal Bleaching agent.

Scouring treatment removes oil, water and residual sizes from the fabric.

(a) Embossed calendaring: It produces three-dimensional design on fabric. Embossing calendar consists of heated hollow metallic roller engraved with the embossing design and solid paper roller, twice the size of engraved roller. Fabric is drawn between the two rollers and designs are embossed on the fabric surfaces. If Celluloses fabrics are used for embossing purpose then effect will be temporary finish, however, Celluloses pre treated with resin will provide Semi durable embossing effect. Permanent embossing can be achieved on the Synthetic fabrics.

(b) Fiction calendaring: This type of calendaring gives highly polished surface like Glazed Chintz Cotton fabric. If a very high gloss is required, then fabric is pre-impregnated with a wax emulsion and calendaring is carried out. If the fabric is pre-treated with resin then this is a semi-durable type of finish.

s +o2-----> so2

Warp Prints involve printing the warp yarns of a fabric before it is placed on the loom for weaving. The result is a soft, shadowy design on the fabric. These prints are found almost exclusively on high quantity and expensive fabric.

Direct prints can be identified on the given fabric by the background. The background is generally white or has larger portions of white background. The printed design is lighter in shade on back of the fabric than on the face.

These dyes are sodium salt of sulphonic acid These dyes are available in a form of salts and are water-soluble. These dyes are applied in acid medium by exhaust method. Acid dyes are mainly used for dyeing of wool and silk.

Stock dyeing is this process of dyeing in which loose fibers are dyed by circulating the dye liquor continuously through fibers.

Important Features of Stock Dyeing:

1. Expensive method of dyeing. 

2. Production is less. 

3. 10-15% waste of dyed fibers during dyeing. 

4. Excellent penetration of dye in to fiber. 

5. Fashion risk It means that final color of the fabric has to be decided in earliest stage in its manufacture.

The main objectives of preparatory treatments of textile materials are:

• To remove all the impurities, both naturals and those added during production that may interfere in subsequent dyeing or finishing process.
• Improve the ability of the fibers to absorb water, dyes solutions and chemicals.

Durability of the Pigments depends upon binders used.

Sulfur Dyes derived from formulation of compounds containing sulfur

(a) Soil release finish: This type of finish Improves the resistance to soil during the day to day use of the fabric and provides easy releasing of soil during the washing operations and prevent the soil to redeposit on the fabric and retaining whiteness or the original colour of fabric. 

The Soil Release Finish reduces the degree of soiling of the fabrics by:

1. Repelling the soil. 

2. Preventing formation of bond between soil and fabric.

(c) Winch dying machine: It is a conventional type of dyeing machine consisting of a tub containing the dye liquor and an elliptical winch or reel which is located horizontally above the dye bath. In this machine both the ends of fabric are stitched together to make continuous rope form and is passed through the dye bath. The fabric is submerged in the dye bath and circulated repeatedly. Fabric is held in a slack in loose condition during dyeing.

Important Features of Winch Dyeing:-

a. Mainly used for knits and lightweight fabrics. 

b. Filament yarn fabrics should not be dyed. 

c. Very light weight fabrics should also be avoided. 

d. Dyeing is carried out at high liquor ratios. (1:20 to 1:50).

1] To remove all impurities, both natural and added that may interfere in subsequent dyeing or finishing process 

2] Improve the ability of the Fibre to absorb water, dyes solutions and chemicals 

3] Impart proper brightness or whiteness to Fabric according to need, especially when brilliant or pastel shades are desired.

a. Vat Dyes: Vat dyes are insoluble organic compounds and do not have any substantivity to cellulose. These dyes are widely used for cellulose fibers and can also be used for protein and nylon fibers. They produce good color range but limited selection of orange, blue. Bright green are more popular in this class. Large amount of dyes are required to attain deeper shade.

b. Disperse Dyes: These dyes are largely used for dyeing of polyester material. Disperse dyes are Nonionic aromatic compounds with relatively low molecular weight and have an extremely low solubility in water. These dyes are available in the form of powders, granules, liquid or paste form. These dyes can be sublimize at higher temperature and this sublimation property of Disperse dyes at high temperature is used in the transfer printing and rapid dyeing process. Dyeing of polyester is generally carried out at high temperature and high pressure. These dyes are also used for heat transfer printing. Disperse dyes produces very good range of shades except dark blue and black. These dyes are having good -excellent fastness to perspiration, crocking and dry cleaning and Fair-Good fastness to light and washing. When these dyes are used on acetate, it exhibits poor fastness to light and subject to gas fading.

c. Sulfur Dyes: Sulfur dyes are widely used for cellulosic fibers for darker shades. Sulfur dyes are relatively easy to dye cellulosic fiber with good-to-excellent washes and lights fastness at a low cost. It produces a complete range of colors in “dull shade” and gives poor light fastness in pastel shades. These dyes are mainly used for dyeing black, brown, navy blue or olive, in medium to dark shades. Some yellows and blues shades are also available but there is only one red and a green dye. These dyes are also used for improving the wash fastness of the Direct dyed fabric called topping. Sulfur dyes are having good fastness to light, washing, dry cleaning and perspiration. These dyes have poor fastness to chlorine bleach. Sulfur dyed materials cannot be stored for longer periods.

Vat dyes are the fastest dyes for cotton, linen and Rayon. Vat dyes are not only resistant to light and to acid and alkalies, but are also equally resistant to strong oxidizing bleaches though sulphur dyes are not fast to chlorine washing.

Vat dyes are Insoluble organic compounds and not substantive to cellulose.

Mercerization improves the following properties of the fabric:- 

• Strength would be increased to 15-25%. 
• Enhanced luster. 
• Greater affinity to water, dyes and other chemical finishes. 
• Shrinkage control in both the direction of the fabric.

Correct option: (a) Stampede

Internet—The global network connecting millions of computers is known as Internet.

The major applications of Internet are as follows—

1. E-mail,

2. File transfer,

3. World Wide Web,

4. E-Commerce,

5. Chat.