Explore topic-wise InterviewSolutions in Current Affairs.

The main disadvantage of a decentralized organization is that you lose control over the day-to-day activities of your company. Maybe “lose” is too strong a word, but you are ceding authority to your managers, which means that you trust their instincts, skills, and talents.

1)The army -increased the number of officers and soldiers of his army,paid them good salaries and took personal interest in their training

2)The administration and the spy system

Domestic system, also called Putting-out System, production system widespread in 17th-century western Europe in which merchant-employers “put out” materials to rural producers who usually worked in their homes but sometimes laboured in workshops or in turn put out work to others.

Bolivia is a small and poor country in Latin America. The World Bank pressurised the government to give up its control of municipal water supply. The government sold off these rights to an MNC. The company immediately increased the price four times. This led to spontaneous popular protests as the water cost began to make a dent in the household budget of people.

The following was the economic impact of the Non-Cooperation Movement on the economy of India. 

(a) The factory–manufactured cheap and abundant foreign goods were boycotted, liquor shops were picketed and foreign cloth burnt in huge bonfires. 

(b) Import of foreign cloth decreased to half causing huge economic loss to the Britishers. (c) The merchants and traders refused to trade in foreign goods or finance foreign trade even though it meant loss of profits to them. 

(d) As the Non-Cooperation Movement spread, more and more people began to discard, imported clothes and use Indian made clothes. 

(e) Production of Indian textiles went up which was good for Indian industrialisation and economy.

Effects of Non-Cooperation Movement on the economic front were : 

(a) Foreign goods were boycotted. 

(b) Liquor shops were picketed. 

(c) Foreign clothes were burnt in huge bonfires. 

(d) The import of foreign cloth halved between 1921-1922. In value, the drop was from Rs.102 crore to Rs.57 crore. 

(e) In many places, merchants and traders refused to trade in foreign goods or finance foreign trade. 

(f) The people began discarding imported clothes and wore only Indian ones. 

(g) The Production of Indian textile mills and handlooms went up tremendously.

(a) In India, the consumer movement as a social force originated with the necessity of protecting and promoting the interest of consumers against unethical and unfair trade practices. 

(b) Rampant food shortages, hoarding, black marketing, adulteration; the malpractices of food and edible oil gave birth to the consumer movement in an organized form in the 1960s.

(c) Till the 1970s, consumer organizations were largely engaged in writing articles and holding exhibitions. They formed consumer groups to look into malpractices in ration shops.

1. Non-Alignment: The basic principles of foreign policy are Non-Alignment. After the II World War, the world war divided into two military blocs, one led by the USA and another by USSR. Many countries blocs. But India was not aligned to any of the military blocs. India was the first country to speak of non-alignment and major contributor to the emergence of the Non-Align Movement.

Jawaharlal Nehru Prime Minister of India, Gen. Sukarno President of Indonesia, Josif Broz Tito President of Yugoslavia Kwame Nkrumah Prime Minister of Ghana and Gamal Abdel Nasser Leader of Egypt were the founders of this movement. The first summit of NAM which was held at Belgrade, Yugoslavia in 1961 with 25 member countries.

At present, it has 128 members. Recent NAM Summit concluded in August 2012 at Tehran Iran. Venezuela will host the next 17^th NAM Summit in 2015.

2. Opposition of Imperialism and colonialism: As a colony of the British over 200 years, India firmly stood in opposition to any form of imperialism and colonialism. India. played a major role in liberating the newly independent countries of Asia and Africa from colonial shackles.

3. Faith in the UN: As a founding members of 6N, India has played a major role in achieving world peace. India as a major democratic country in the world is collaborating with UN agencies viz: UNESCO, UNICEF, UNDP, UNIDO. Indian foreign policy supports and regards the UN as an agency for world peace.

It has always advocated for peaceful settlement of international disputes within the purview of the UN. India has contributed its troops to the UN peacekeeping force operations in the tense and conflicated areas and different regions, especially in diffcult missions of the world.

4. Fairness of means: With the inspiration of Gandhian ideas, India has always emphasized fair means in resolving international disputes. India has supported peaceful and non-violent methods and opposed the war, aggression and power politics anywhere in the world. In the Asian relations conference, New Delhi on 2^nd April of 1947. Indian foreign policy expresses full faith in peaceful means for the settlement of dispues. India repudiates the use of force, it belives in peace achieved through peaceful means a good end through right and just means.

5. Anti – aparthied and racial discrimination: India has stood by the principles of racial equality and opposes discrimination on the basis of race, religion caste, colour, and sex. India opposed and rejected the doctrine of white supremacy, it has been the most outspoken critic of racism. Equal and honourable treatment of all in the world in India’s goal. India is always against of the policy of apartheid followed in the South Africa and it’s broke off diplomatic relations with it as a protest to social discrimination.

6. Panchasheel: Panchasheel continues to be another fundamental principle of Indian foreign policy. An agreement signed between Indian Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru and Chinese Prime Minister Zhou-enLai on April, 29^th 1954, sought to govern the relationship between India and China on the basis of five principles.

• Mutual respect for each others territorial integrity and sovereignty. 
• Mutual non-agression. 
• Mutual non-interference in each other’s internal affairs. 
• Equality and mutual benefits. 
• Peaceful co-existence.

It is a principle of peaceful co-existence with other nations, it guided the basis of relationship between 1954-57 marked by numerous visits and exchanges. This period is described as the Sino-Indian honeymoon.

7. Tie with the commonwealth: Although India gets its independence from British imperalism she decided to remain within the common-wealth of Nations. The British Queen is the Head of the Commonwealth, it is made up of Britain and other countries which had once been her colonies, Traditionally India had many economic ties with the UK and other member countries of the Commonwealth Association.

In many commonwealth Heads of Government Meetings (CHOGM) strident declarations were passed regarding the problem of social discrimination, apartheid, violation of human rights and other issues of democracy in the member countries and the world. The 23^rd CHOGM was held in Colombo, Sri Lanka in November 2013. Next Summit will be designated at Tanzania in 2015.

8. Disarmament: Major concern of India’s foreign policy in the post-cold war period is disarmament and arms race in the world. As a leader of NAM, India established beyond doubt that arms race is at the expense of human development. Expenditure on arms and ammunitions depletes distorts economic progress, programs for removal of poverty, eradication of diseases spread of education and easy availability of basic needs.

9. Sympathy towards divided Countries: Partition of India and Pakistan due to divide and rule policy of British in 1947, resulted in terrible communal riots, enormous sufferings of people who moved out of their homes and had to begin their life again as refugees. Because of the bitter experience of this incident. India is sympathetic towards the bifurcation of Palestine in Arab, South and North Korea, East and West Germany (Now unified) and Vietnam.

10. Concern towards small countries: India’s foreign policy emphasizes its come towards small countries of the world. India supported Malasia (1948), Ghana (1957) and Bangladesh (1971) to encourage and emerge as independent nations. Most of the decolonized territories are mini and micro states, small both in area and popultion, got the membership in NAM because of India’s support.

Since its independence, India is extending economic assistance to small countries in the world and always in the forefront of reconstruction and rehabilitation of the war-torn or small nations affected by natural disasters.

11. Affinity towards Afro-Asian Countries: Though India has the relations with all countries of the world, she has special affinity towards the countries in Asia and Africa which are very near and following the principles followed by her. India supported at the freedom struggle of African countries e.g. Namibia became independent in March 1990, Nelson Mandela the first black leader became the President of South Africa in May 1994. In the first Afro-Asian countries summit at Bandung in 1955.

12. Against Cold War: Cold war began with the formation of two power blocs at the end of II world war viz. US and USSR. Rivalry between them resulted in the emergence of many military alliances eg: NATO (North Atlantic Treaty Organisation) ANZUS (Australia New Zealand United States alliance) SEATO (South East Asian Treaty Organisation). Bagdad Pact, CENTO (Central Treaty Organization). As a leader of NAM, it stayed away from the two blocs.

India’s policy was neither negative nor passive, as Pandit Nehru declared to the world that NAM was not a policy of ‘fleeing away!’ India tried to reduce the rivalry between two blocs and chose to involve other members of the non-aligned group, in this mission. With the disintegration of USSR the cold war ended.

Legitimate means rightful. Democracies are called legitimate governments as:

(i) The government represents the will of the people. 

(ii) Everyone can participate in the decision making Process. 

(iii) Anyone can stand for the elections. 

(iv) It promotes equality among individuals. 

(v) It allows room to correct mistakes. 

(vi) The decision making quality is improved. 

(vii) No part of the society is left isolated in decisions making process. 

(viii) Conflicts are resolved in a better way.

Russia is the world’s largest country extending halfway around the globe. To the west, it borders Finland, Norway, Estonia, Latvia, and Belarus. The much longer southern frontier extends into Central Asia. India’s relation with the former USSR has been a part of history, but it developed rapidly after the visits of Khrushchev and Bulganin to India and Nehru’s visit to the Soviet Union.

Since 1955, Indo- Soviet relations have reached a new scale and dimension and regarded as a good example of bilateral and interstate relations. The Soviets have openly declared that Indo-Soviet friendship has become a part of their ‘tradition’. People to people relationship is a comer stone of their foreign policy.

Soviet Union contributed immensely for the development of industries and technology in India. The defence ties between the two countries helped India in building a credible defence structure. Its steadfast diplomatic support in the UN, on the Kashmir and Goa issues, is commendable. The use of Vetopower in the Security Council to support India in 1971 war with Pakistan was crucial.

Soviet Russia adopted the Communist ideology and India accepted Democratic Socialism. Despite the ideological differences, the two countries forged a long time Treaty of friendship for 20 years.

Factors of Indo-USSR close ties:

• Both India and USSR consider that the peaceful settlement of disputes between states as most crucial for the future of human race. 
• Both believe in natural freedom and social equality as a prerequisite of just world order. 
• Support to liberation movements across the world are recognized by both the countries. 
• Both Countries opposed all forms of colonialism, imperialism, and racial discrimination.

Thus, India and USSR have realized geopolitical significance and the need to strengthen bilateral ties. This is to ensure the settlement of regional problems and establishment of global peace and prosperity.

1. Disintegration of Soviet Union: In 1985 Mikhail Gorbachev, the President of USSR introduced economic and political reforms of ‘Perestroika’(restructuring ) and ‘Glasnost (openness). That stopped the arms race with US, withdrew Soviet troops from Afghanistan, helped the unification of Germany, ended the cold war.

Other weaknesses inherent in the Soviet Union led to the disintergration of USSR and formation of 15 new countries in 1991. India recognized all of them as Sovereign states and established new diplomatic relations. Ten of them joined together to form a new associations with Russia called (CIS) (Commonwealth of Independent States).

2. Bilateral relations: The new leadership in Russia and other Republics of the erstwhile Soviet Union hold India in high regard due to India’s secular approach to politics, its stable democratic system of assuring rights and equality to all its citizens, self reliant industrial and economic base and its genuine concern for vital global issues e.g. peace, disarmament, economic development, human rights and democratization of international organization particularly of the UN and its agencies.

Russia continues its support to India to become a permanent member in UN Security Council. India and Russia both have multi-faceted relationships involving strategic and high level cooperation. The process of bilateral annual summits has given great impetus to bilateral relations. Indo- Russia cooperation has continued to move stronger on the basis mutual interest, faith, friendship, and past relations.

Lenders ask for collateral because : 

(i) It acts as a proof that a loan has been taken from the lender. 

(ii) It secures the lender in case the borrower do not return the money with interest. 

(iii) The collateral helps the lender in getting back his money with interest.

Sir Cyril Radcliffe was the Chairman of Boundary Commission.

1. To strengthen the process of economic development of rural women and create a conducive environment for social change.

2. To form self help groups based on thrift and credit principles which builds self reliance and enable women to have greater access and control over resources.

Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel is called as the man with iron will.

The consumer movement arose due to the following factors

(i) Dissatisfaction of consumers, as many unfair practices were being indulged by the sellers like short weighing, black marketing, adulteration, etc. 

(ii) There was no legal system available for consumers to protect them from exploitation in the marketplace.

If consumers were not happy with a particular brand, product or shop, they generally avoid buying that brand or product or would stop purchasing from that particular shop.

(iii) It was presumed that it was the responsibility of consumers to be careful while buying a commodity or availing of a service.

Correct option is (e) Supervising the Panchayat elections.

National Democratic Alliance.

Three members are there in the Election Commission of India.

The National Human Rights Commission was established in 1994.

(b) Prejudice

(d) Family system

(c) Colonial state did not work for the welfare of the downtrodden.

(d) High socio-economic status

Globalization helps developing countries to deal with rest of the world increase their economic growth, solving the poverty problems in their country. Many developing nations began to take steps to open their markets by removing tariffs and free up their economies.

(d) Reduced fertility rate

(a) They are religious minorities and economically well-off.

(c) Nations are easy to describe and hard to define.

(C ) A is true and R is false.

The correct answer is Situational Theory.

• Situational leadership theory was developed by Paul Hersey and Ken Blanchard while working on Management of Organisational Behaviour.
• It was first introduced as the life cycle theory of leadership in the year 1969 and was renamed in 1970 as situational leadership.
• The theory is composed of a combination of two main variables which are task behavior and relationship behavior.
• Leadership style and the Individual or group's performance readiness level also referred to as maturity level or development level are two fundamental concepts of the situational leadership model.
• Situational Theory is the complete and scientific theory of leadership.

Laissez faire

The answer is: True

The answer is: False.

Government laws play an important role in controlling the rates of pollution in a city. However, simply passing laws is not enough. They need to be properly enforced as well. It is also a fact that people tend to find ways of getting around laws. So, apart from legislations, government also needs to carry out intensive public awareness programmes aimed at educating the public about the need and ways of controlling pollution; and about how they too have a stake in environmental governance. Example to show the success of legislation to change the quality of
Public life - The Bengal Smoke Nuisance Commission, established as per the Bengal Smoke Nuisance Act of 1905, was successful in controlling industrial smoke in colonial Calcutta.

Private life - The British government passed the Clean Air Act in 1956. This law was aimed at controlling domestic sources of smoke pollution, and to do so, it introduced the concept of smokeless zones. In these areas, smokeless fuels had to be burnt. As a result, air pollution in British cities was substantially reduced. Example to show the failure of legislation to change the quality of Public life - By the 1840s, British cities such as Derby, Leeds and Manchester had smoke control laws in place. However, these laws did not succeed much in controlling smoke emission. Since smoke is not easy to monitor or measure, it was easy for factory and steam engine owners to get away with small adjustments to their machinery, and this did nothing to stop smoke.
Private life - During the colonial period, a huge population depended on dung and wood as fuel in their daily life. This was an important source of air pollution in Calcutta. Though successful in controlling industrial smoke, the Bengal Smoke Nuisance Commission found it difficult to control this domestic smoke.

Example to show the success of legislation to change the quality of
Public life - The British state used public funds to provide for entertainment forms such as museums, art galleries and libraries for the working classes.
Private life - British administrative officials built houses in new suburbs for fulfilling the housing needs of the working classes. Example to show the failure of legislation to change the quality of
Public life - The Underground railway enhanced transport, but caused the demolition of many houses, rendering their inhabitants homeless.
Private life - The availability of one-room tenements and no housing facilities for a major part of the industrial revolution time period caused the family to get divided into smaller units. There were even cases where rural people had to leave their families behind and live alone in the urban areas where they worked.

The answer is: True.

• Regionalism in India is rooted in India ‘s diversity of languages, cultures, tribes and religions and encouraged by the geographical concentrations of these identity markers in particular regions 
• Sense of regional deprivation

Haussmanisation of Paris refers to the re-building of Paris by Baron Haussmann in the mid-eighteenth century. When Louis Napoleon III came to power, he appointed Haussmann as the chief architect of the new city. He laid out new streets, straight sidewalks, boulevards and open avenues, and planted full-grown trees. Haussmann’s architectural plans had positives as well as negatives. His name has become a representation of forcible reconstruction to enhance the beauty of a city and impose order. This is because his plans led to the displacement of 350,000 people from the centre of Paris. This included many poor people who were now rendered homeless.
Nevertheless, this “Haussmanisation of Paris” had its boons too. Public works employed nearly one in five working people. Haussmann’s work was criticised by the wealthy and poor alike during his time, but Paris became a symbol of civic pride for the French and it became the nucleus of many new architectural, social and intellectual developments that influenced other parts of the world in the twentieth century.

Forms of entertainment that came up in nineteenth-century England to provide leisure activities for the people were aplenty. For the upper classes, an annual “London Season” was one of the sources of leisure. It comprised the opera, the theatre and classical music events. For the working classes, pubs, discussions and meetings for political action served the same purpose. Libraries, art galleries and museums were new types of entertainment brought about through the utilisation of state money. Music halls and cinema theatres too became immensely popular with the lower classes. Industrial workers were encouraged to undertake seaside vacations to rejuvenate from the banes of working in the polluting environment of factories.

The development of suburbs as a part of the drive to decongest London led to the extension of the city beyond the range where people could walk to work. Though these suburbs had been built, the people could not be persuaded to leave the city and stay far away from their places of work in the absence of some form of public transport. The Underground railway was constructed to solve this housing problem.
The development of the Underground was criticised because underground travelling was considered risky. Many felt that it added to the mess and unhygienic conditions of the city. Also, to clear the path for the construction of the Underground, a number of houses were destroyed. This led to the displacement of a great number of London poor.

(a) Wholism-hierarchy and difference and separation

The correct answer is Vallabhacharya.

• Pushtimarg is a form of Krishna worship for adoration.
  • It was founded by Shri Vallabhacharya (1479–1531 AD), a Telugu Vaidiki Brahmana.
  • He was also the propounder of Shuddha-Advaita or pure nondualism.
  • Vallabhacharya was a contemporary of Sri Krishnadeva Raya of the Vijayanagara empire and attended his court to participate in a prolonged debate on the merits and demerits of Dvaita and Advaita philosophies.
  • According to the legends he was victorious in the end and was honored by the King.

• Pushtimarg is the path of devotion, which is mentioned in the Bhagavadgita as the direct and the simplest approach to achieve liberation.
  • It centres around pushti bhakti. Pushti means nourishing and bhakti means devotion.
  • Pushti bhakti means nourishing the soul with divine love and happiness through devotion and selfless service to Lord Krishna, the supreme deity.
  • Vallabhacharya said to have proposed it during his pilgrimage to Brindavan.
  • When he was stationed there, he had a vision of Krishna as Shrinathji who transmitted to him a sacred mantra about the way to build a divine relationship with Brahman, the supreme godhead, which became the basis for Pushtimarg.
• The path recognizes Brahman as the one, ultimate and absolute reality, without a second (ekmevadwitiyam Brahma).
  • All that exists here is Brahman only (sarvam khalu idam brahma). He is the same as the supreme lord of the Bhagavadgita and Bhagavatam.
  • The path that leads to him is through intense devotion to Lord Krishna, who is Sachchidanand Purushottam Parambrahm (ever blissful, the best person and Supreme Brahman).
  • Devotion to Lord Krishna, especially to his child forms, should be practiced with intense love through service (Seva).
  • The primary purpose of Pushtimarg is not liberation, but to experience the love and bliss of Lord Krishna and realize Krishna's nature within oneself, without any duality.

Illiteracy means the inability of a person to read and write in any language. Amartya Sen described illiteracy as one of the unfreedoms.

Causes:

1. Population Explosion: India is the second most populour Country in the world. It consists of 17.5. % of World’s total population. The population of Karnataka has increased to 6.11 crores. Hence, it has become a challenging task for the Government to provide literacy.

2. Poverty: Due to poverty, majority of the children suffer form malnutrition and anaemia. Parents from poor and low income families, find it difficult to send their children to schools.

3. Social backwardness: Hierarchical caste system, inferiority complex among people, ignorance about importance of education, taboos, etc. have prevented large number of people form becoming literate. Further, a large percentage of girls, particularly in rural areas have been denied access to primary education due to customs, traditions and the practice of gender inequality.

4. Child labour: Prevalence of child labour due to poor socioeconomic conditions is seen all over India. According to National Crime Record Bureau Report, there were 2 crores child labourers, across the country’ in 2011. They are working in hotels, small scale industries, carpet weaving, fire works etc., All these hinder them from getting primary education.

5. Poor Infrastructure: Most of the schools across the country have no proper buildings, required number of qualified teachers and study materials. The school environment is also not conducive for learning, and teaching. There is lack of adequate transport facilities for school children, particularly in the rural areas.

Population, Social backwardness, and Poverty.

The Supreme Court of India can declare a law passed by any State/Union Legislature null and void if it encroaches upon the Fundamental Rights guaranteed by the Constitution of India

The distribution of seats of the Parliament are based on 1971 census.

Correct answer is a) Lycopene pigment