The objects are declared after a class is defined. The object declaration create object of that class and memory is allocated for the created object. The object are created using the following syntax:
classname objectname1, objectname2,……………;
for example
student obj1, obj2;
the obj1 and obj2 are the objects of class type student.
The object names are used to access the data members through member functions by invoking member functions.
For example:
obj1.getdata(5, 25);
here, getadata() is the member function of a class student and function call is give using object obj1 which assign the value 5 and 25 to the data members of the class. The memory is allocated separately for data members of each object.

Constructor is a special member function that is used to initialize the data members of an object. 

The rules for writing a constructor function are:

• They should be declared in the public section
• They are invoked automatically when the objects are created
• They should not have return types, therefore they cannot return values
• They cannot be inherited
• They can have default arguments
• These cannot be static

An object of a class with a constructor cannot be used as a member of a union.

The rules for writing constructor functions are

• They should be declared in the public section.
• They are invoked automatically when the objects are created.
• They should not have return types, therefore they cannot return values.
• They cannot be inherited.
• They can have default arguments.
• Cannot refer to addresses.
• These cannot be static.
• An object of a class with a constructor cannot be used as a member of a union.

The two types of UPS are online UPS and standby UPS.

A mouse that uses light to detect movement. Introduced in the late 1990s, optical mice superseded mechanical mice because their sealed bottom surfaces do not absorb dust and dirt. They work by emitting light from an LED or laser, and a CMOS sensor detects the light reflections as the mouse is moved.

Mouse is a most commonly used input peripheral device which is used in Graphic User Interface (GUI) environment. It is possible select and move, Open close copy paste or do any formatting operation easily with the help of Mouse.

The mouse was invented by Douglas Engelbart of Stanford Research center in 1963. A Mouse is too popular because it working too easy to operate and access. Now Modern age of GUI you can not access it easily without a Mouse.

To Operate a Mouse has Left, Right Buttons and a Roller. A left Mouse button used to select any item while a double click on the item activates the application. A right-click of Mouse buttons use to display a list of commands on the screen can also gain the settings of properties settings with the Right-click. A mouse roller uses to scroll down and up of folder or file.

Source :- 

What is a Mouse? State the Different types of Mouse explain them

The items into the stack are stored in sequential order from the first location of the memory block.
A pointer TOP contains the location of the top element of the stack.

A variable MAXSTK contains the maximum number of elements that can be stored in stack.
The stack is full when TOP = MAXSTK
The stack is empty when TOP = 0.

Uninterruptible Power Supply. There are two types of UPS namely offline UPS and online UPS.

1. Offline UPS:
This type of UPS have module to switch between using battery or using bypass main power source. When main power source is off, then the UPS will switch from main power source to the battery source in less than 4 ms delay time.

2. Online UPS:
This type of UPS is better than Offline, because no matter main power source is on or off, output always come from battery source.

Step 1: for i = 1 to n-1 Repeat step 2
Step 2: for j = i downto 1 Repeat step 3
Step 3: is ( a[j] < a[j-1])? then
temp = a[j]
A[j] = a[j-1]
A[j-1] = temp [ end of j loop]
[ end of i loop]

• Wired Mouse. A wired mouse connects directly to your desktop or laptop, usually through a USB port, and transmits information via the cord. ...
• Bluetooth Mouse. ...
• Trackball Mouse. ...
• Optical Mouse. ...
• Laser Mouse. ...
• Magic Mouse. ...
• USB Mouse. ...
• Vertical Mouse.

[CO(NH₃)₃Cl₃], [Co(NH₃)₅Cl]Cl₂,[Co(NH₃)₄]Cl₃  [CO(NH₃)₃Cl₃] < [Co(NH₃)₄]Cl₃ < [Co(NH₃)₅Cl]Cl₂ More number of ions < more electrical conductivity

Different types of Motherboards: 

1. AT Motherboard

These motherboards have bigger physical dimensions of hundreds of millimeters and hence they are not the right fit for the mini desktop category of computers. Bigger physical size also inhibits installing new drivers. Sockets and six-pin plugs are used as power connectors in these motherboards. These power connectors are not that easily identifiable and hence users face difficulties in connecting and using it. This type of motherboard was in vogue in the 1980s and it enjoyed a substantial self-life. 

2. ATX Motherboard 

ATX denotes Advanced technology extended, it was developed by Intel during the 1990s and it was an improved version over an earlier version of AT motherboard. It is smaller in size when compared to AT and it provides interchangeability of the connected components. There is a marked improvement in the connector aspects. 

3. LPX Motherboard 

This board had two improvements over earlier versions. The first one is Input and Output ports were taken to backside and the second one was the introduction of Riser card to facilitate more slots and easier connection. Some of these features were deployed in the AT motherboard. The main disadvantage in this board is the lack of Accelerated Graphic Port (AGP) slots which led to a direct connection to PCI. Issues in these motherboards were addressed in NLX boards. 

4. BTX Motherboard 

BTX denotes Balanced Technology Extended, intended to manage demands of new technologies in terms of more power requirements hence generation of more heat. Intel stopped further development of BTX boards during the mid-2000s to concentrate on low power CPU.

Below are the six different types of Motherboards:

1. AT Motherboard

These motherboards have bigger physical dimensions of hundreds of millimeters and hence they are not the right fit for the mini desktop category of computers. Bigger physical size also inhibits installing new drivers. Sockets and six-pin plugs are used as power connectors in these motherboards. These power connectors are not that easily identifiable and hence users face difficulties in connecting and using it.

This type of motherboard was in vogue in the 1980s and it enjoyed a substantial self-life.

2. ATX Motherboard

ATX denotes Advanced technology extended, it was developed by Intel during the 1990s and it was an improved version over an earlier version of AT motherboard. It is smaller in size when compared to AT and it provides interchangeability of the connected components. There is a marked improvement in the connector aspects.

3. LPX Motherboard

This board had two improvements over earlier versions. The first one is Input and Output ports were taken to backside and the second one was the introduction of Riser card to facilitate more slots and easier connection. Some of these features were deployed in the AT motherboard. The main disadvantage in this board is the lack of Accelerated Graphic Port (AGP) slots which led to a direct connection to PCI. Issues in these motherboards were addressed in NLX boards.

4. BTX Motherboard

BTX denotes Balanced Technology Extended, intended to manage demands of new technologies in terms of more power requirements hence generation of more heat. Intel stopped further development of BTX boards during the mid-2000s to concentrate on low power CPU.

5. Pico BTX motherboard

These boards are smaller in size and hence the word Pico. Two expansion slots are supported in spite of being sharing the top half of BTX. Half-height or riser cards are its unique features and it supports the demands of digital applications.

6. Mini ITX motherboard

It’s a miniature version of motherboard over its earlier versions. Designed in the early 2000s and its dimension is 17 x 17 cm. Mainly used in small form factor (SFF) computer due to its lower power consumption and faster cooling ability. This motherboard is the most preferred in the home theater domain due to its lower level of fan noise that will improve the quality of the theatre system.

Step 1: if REAR >= N -1 then
Print “Queue is overflow”
Exit
End of if
Step 2: REAR = REAR+ 1
Step 3: QUEUE [REAR] = element
Step 4: if FRONT =-1 then
FRONT = 0.

Step 1: if REAR >= N -1 then
Print “Queue is overflow”
Exit
End of if
Step 2: REAR = REAR + 1
Step 3: QUEUE [REAR] = element
Step 4: if FRONT = -1 then
FRONT = 0

Object-oriented programming (OOP) is a programming language model organized around “objects” rather than “actions” and data rather than logic of the program. Object-oriented programming method modularizes a program by creating a memory area for data and member functions together as a single entity.

The following are the basic concepts of object oriented programming.

1. Object:
An object is a combination of code and data that can be treated as a unit. An object can be considered any real time entity (existing thing) that can perform a set of related activities.

2. Class:
The class is a collection of objects that have similar properties and common behavior.

3. Data Abstraction:
The process of hiding the representation of various data items and implementation details of a function from the user program is called data abstraction.

4. Encapsulation:
It is the method of combining the data, attributes, and methods in the same entity is called encapsulation.

5. Function overloading:
Two or more functions with the same name is called function overloading.

6. Polymorphism:
Polymorphism is a Greek word that means Many Shapes. In OOP Polymorphism means the ability to take on many forms. The term is applied both to objects and to functions.

7. Inheritance:
Inheritance is the process by which new objects can acquire the properties of an existing objects of other class.

ABCD = 0010, ABCD = 0110, ABCD = 1110 

Write SOP expression.

ABCD = 0010, ABCD =0110, ABCD = 1110. 

Write SOP expression. 

The SOP expression for ABCD = 0010 

\(\overline {AB} C \bar D\) = m₂

 The SOP expression for ABCD = 0110 

\(\overline {A}B C \bar D\)= m₆ 

The SOP expression for ABCD = 1110

\(ABC \bar D\) = \(M_{14}\)

sin 8x cos 3x - sin 6x cos 4x

= 2 sin 4x cos 4x cos 3x - 2sin 3x cos 3x cos 4x

(\(\because\) sin c- sin D = 2 cos\((\frac{C+D}2)\) sin \((\frac{C-D}2)\))

= 4 cos 3x cos 4x cos 7x/2 sin x/2

The features of default constructors are:

1. All objects of a class are initialized to same set of values.
2. These constructors has no arguments.
3. These constructors are automatically called when every object is created.

A domain name is a unique name that identifies a website on the internet.

1. base class:
A base class is a class from which other classes are derived.

2. derived class:
The class that inherits is called derived class.
The inheriting class is called the derived class.

Uniform Resource Locator

Indexed Sequential Access Method (ISAM):

This method combines both the feature of sequential and random organization. Records are accessed by using an index or a table. The index stores the address of each record corresponding to a key number of the record.

The records within the file are stored sequentially but directly accessed to individual records.
An indexed sequential access method (ISAM) consists of

1. The main file storage
2. A table to maintain the index

Advantages:

• It combines both sequential and direct
• Suitable for sequential access and random access
• Provides quick access to records

Disadvantage:

• it uses special software and is expensive
• extra time is taken to maintain index
• extra storage for index files
• expensive hardware is required

The principle of duality states that starting with a Boolean relation, another relation can be derived by

1. Changing each OR sing (+) to an AND sign (.)
2. Changing each AND sing (.) to an OR sign (+).
3. Replacing each 0 by 1 and each 1 by 0.
4. All variables are complemented.

For example, (X + Y’) dual is (X’. Y)
1 + X = 1  is  0 . X = X.

A cookie is an HTTP header that consists of text-only data saved on your computer. Cookies are used by Web sites to keep track of their visitors.

The built-in functions are classified as Single row functions and Group functions. The single-row functions are of four types. They are numeric functions, character or text functions, date functions, and conversion functions.

1. Numeric functions:
a. ABS function- The ABS function returns the absolute value of the number you point to.

b. CEIL and FLOOR functions - CEIL returns the smallest integer greater than or equal to its argument. FLOOR does just the reverse, returning the largest integer equal to or less than its argument.

c. POWER function – To raise one number to the power of another, use POWER. In this function the first argument is raised to the power of the second.

d. SORT function – The function SORT returns the square root of an argument.

2. Character or text functions:
1. CHR function – returns the character equivalent of the number it uses as an argument.
2. CONCAT function – function combines two strings together.

3. INITCAP function – capitalizes the first letter of a word and makes all other characters lowercase.
4. LOWER and UPPER functions – LOWER changes all the characters to lowercase; UPPER does just the reverse.
5. LENGTH function - returns the length of its lone character argument.

3. Date functions:
1. ADD_MONTHS function - This function adds a number of months to a specified date.
2. LAST_DAY – LAST_DAY function- returns the last day of a specified month.

3. MONTHS_BETWEEN function – to know how many months fall between month x and
month y,
4. NEXT_DAY function – finds the name of the first day of the week that is equal to or later than another specified date.
5. SYSDATE function – SYSDATE returns the system time and date.

4. Conversion functions:

• TO_CHAR function – to convert a number into a character.
• TO_NUMBER function – it converts a string into a number.

The group functions are:

1. AVG() - Returns the average value
2. COUNT() - Returns the number of rows
3. FIRST() - Returns the first value
4. LAST() - Returns the last value
5. MAX() - Returns the largest value
6. MIN() - Returns the smallest value
7. SUM() - Returns the total value of the given column

It is a program controlled semiconductor device (1C), which fetches, decode and executes instructions.

LHS x + xy
= x + x x + y (distributive law)
= 1 1+y (absorption law)
= 1

The Advanced Research Projects Agency Network.

UPDATE command:

It can be used to change row values from a table. The SET keyword takes the column in which values need to be changed or updated. The WHERE keyword is used to filter the records in some conditions.

Syntax:
UPDATE tablename SET columnname = values WHERE Condition;
Example:
UPDATE student SET combn = ‘PCMCs’ where combn=’pcmc’;

A network gateway is an internet working system capable of joining together two networks that use different base protocols. A network gateway can be implemented completely in software, completely in hardware, or as a combination of both. The key feature of a gateway is that it converts the format of the data, not the data itself.

Gateway functionality differs in many ways. For example, a router that can route data from an IPX network to an IP network is, technically, a gateway. The same can be said of a translational bridge that, converts from an Ethernet network to a Token Ring network and back again.

Software gateways can be found everywhere. Many companies use an email system such as Microsoft Exchange. These systems transmit mail internally in a certain format. When email needs to be sent across the Internet to users using a different email system, the email must be converted to another format, this conversion process is performed by a software gateway.

In enterprises, the gateway often acts like a proxy server and a firewall. Gateways also associated with router and switch.

The networking techniques (topologies) are Bus topology, Ring topology, Star topology, Three topology, Mesh topology, Extended star topology.

A website is a collection of web pages generally written using Hyper Text Markup Language.

A bus is a set of wire connected between the units for the purpose of carry the signals between the units.

The initialisation of pointer: 

Pointer variable = &variable; 

For example; int a, *ptr; ptr = &a; 

From the above, address of variable ‘a’ is assigned to variable ‘ptr’.

Switched Mode Power Supply (SMPS): The switched mode power supply acting as a DC to DC converter first rectifies an AC input voltage (240Volts), converts it to DC and, chops this DC in a “chopper” and converts it to a higher or lower level of DC (5 to 12 V DC Volts). Typical modern applications include computer power supply and the power supplies in TV and Video sets. The wattage of SMPS is around 150 to 500 watts.
SMPSs are three types :

1. AT SMPS
2. ATX SMPS
3. BTXSMPS

1. AT SMPS :
AT stands for Advanced Technology. These are all old SMPSs. They had 12pin power connector, this is called as AT power connector. They were used in Pentium-I, Pentium-MMX, Pentium-II and Pentium-III CPUs.

2. ATX SMPS :
ATX stands for Advanced Technology extended. They had 20pin Power connector, this is called as ATX power connector. They were used in Pentium-III, Pentium- IV and AMD CPUs.

3. BTX SMPS :
BTX stands for Balanced Technology extended. They have 24pin Power connector, this is also called as ATX power connector. It has 15pin SATA power connectors. They are used in Dual core, core2duo, Quad core, i3, i5, i7 and latest AMD CPUs.

World wide Web

A server is a computer program that provides services to other computer programs and their users in the same or other computers.

OR

The computer that a server program runs in is also referred to as a server.

The pointer declaration syntax:

datatype *pointername;

To initialize pointer:

pointervariable = &variable;

For example; inta, *ptr;

ptr = &a;

From the above, address of variable ‘a’ is assigned to variable ‘ptr’.

Linear_search(Array, ele, N)
Step 1: loc = -l
Step 2 : for i = 0 to N-l repeat step 3 through step step 5
Step 3 : if (Array[i] = ele ) then step 4 through step 5
Step 4 : loc = i Step 5 : goto step
Step 6 : if (loc >=0 ) then step 7 otherwise step 8
Step 7 : output “The search element found at location “, loc
Step 8 : output “Search is unsuccessful”
Step 9 : exit.

It is online communication between two users through the computer. Once a chat has been initiated, either user can enter text by typing on the keyboard and the entered text will appear on the other user’s monitor.

The member functions belonging to fstream class are constructor, open, is open, close, and inherits get(), getline(), read(), seekg() and tellg() from istream, inherits put(), write() seekp() and tellp() from ostream.

An entity is a person, place, thing or event for which data is collected and maintained.

The three main components of E-R diagram are Entity, Attribute, and Relationship.

1. Entity:

An entity is a person, place, thing or event for which data is collected and maintained.

2. Attribute:

An attribute is the characteristic property of an existing entity.

3. Relation:

A relation is defined as a set of tuples that have the same attributes. A relation is usually described as a table, which is organized into rows and columns.

The two advantages of the pointer are:

1. For objects memory can be allocated dynamically during runtime.
2. When objects are not used, then memory can be released.
3. Memory is efficiently used.

Few services of ecommerce are:

• Domain name purchasing
• Secure hosting
• Full integration with the payment gateway of your choice
• Web design
• Shopping cart system
• Marketing.