Explore topic-wise InterviewSolutions in Current Affairs.

a. Buffer analysis of a linear feature. In this, the detailed information regarding the area and the people living on the banks of the river can be collected. A parallel zone can be created aside a linear feature like river. It shows the area of land that will get flooded.

b. Example :

• The width of a road in a region is increased from 5 m to 8 m. Using buffer analysis, it can be easily determined as to how much land belonging to local people has to be acquired and how many people will become homeless.
• If the width of the road is increased by 5 m on either side, how many people would lose land.
• If the width of the road is increased only on the left side by 10 m, how much land has to be acquired and how many will become homeless. 

1. Yes

2. Overlay analysis 

3. Explain overlay analysis

(a) A constructor is a special method. It is used to initialize the data members of the class.

two charactertics are:

(i) The constructor has the same name as the class, has no return type, and may or may not have a parameter list. 

(ii) Whenever a new object of a class is created, the constructor of the class is invoked automatically.

(b) A Wrapper class is a class whose object wraps or contains a primitive data types. When we create an object to a wrapper class, it contains a field and in this field, we can store a primitive data types.

They convert primitive data types into objects. Objects are needed if we wish to modify the arguments passed into a method (because primitive types are passed by value Each of the eight primitive types has a wrapper class defined.

For example: Integer wrapper class converts a string into its integer value.

Geographic information system is a software that stores, updates, retrieves and analyses spatial data and their peculiarities.

Correct answer is

D. All of these

Correct option: c) Article writing

With the help of GIS software, spatial data can be stored as different layers. When the features of the surface of the earth are made as layers, we can separate the data that we need to make tables and maps easily.

Example: Using QGIS, a GIS software, different data about India are made into separate layers. Different layers to show the states in India, natural resources, mountains, cotton cultivated regions and jute cultivated regions are made. Maps obtained as different layers in this manner can be used for different analyses.

A. Terrestrial photography 

B. Aerial photography 

C. Satellite Remote Sensing

Correct option: b) Standard bar

Most widely used method to reveal spatial relationships which uses point(nodes), line and polygons to represent all the spatial features and their relationships on earth surface. 

Explain the features and properties of topological data model.

With the help of GIS softwares, spatial data can be converted into different layers. The thematic maps prepared and stored in Geographic Information System for analytical purpose are called layers. When the features of the surface of the earth are converted into layers, we can easily make maps or tables for our preference from this. The spatial relationship among the features on the surface of the earth can easily be understood by analyzing the appropriate layers.

Example : using, GIS software, different data about India can be depicted as separate layers. Different layers to show the states in India, natural resources, mountains, cotton cultivated regions and jute cultivated regions can be depicted. Maps obtained as different layers in this manner can be used for different analyses.

1. Display the maps 

2. Renew/update the maps 

3. Make new maps

4. Analyze the collected data and to make tables and graphs.

Geographic Information System is a computer-based information management system by which the data collected from the sources of information like maps, aerial photographs, satellite imageries, tables, surveys, etc. are incorporated into the computer using softwares, which are retrieved, analyzed and displayed in the form of maps, tables and graphs.

Uses :

• Exhibit the maps 
• Renew/update the maps 
• Produce new maps 
• Analysis and preparation of maps and graphs based on data acquired. 

The three possibilities of GIS are explained below.

Overlay analysis: Overlay analysis is used for understanding the mutual relationship between and the changes undergone by the various features on the earth’s surface. 

For example, using maps showing the states of India and the cotton cultivated regions, we can find out the states where cotton is cultivated, using overlay analysis. This analysis also helps to find out the changes in the extent of crops and land use patterns.

Buffer analysis: In buffer analysts, a circular region is created around a point or corridor like region around a linear feature. 

For example, if the width of an existing road is increased by 10 m, we can find out the number of houses to be acquired, using buffer analysis.

Network analysis: Linear features such as roads, rivers, and railway lines are subjected to network analysis. Using this, we can find the nearest road to reach a place, less congested roads, roads without toll and hospitals, hotels and petrol pumps along the road.

Softwares are used for preparing maps with the help of data collected through remote sensing and other methods of survey. These softwares are also used for incorporating details in the maps and analyzing them for various purposes. This system is known as GIS.

The surface features of the earth collected as spatial information and attributes can be analysed by GIS in various ways according to the requirements. The analytical capabilities of GIS are network analysis, buffer analysis and overlay analysis.

Overlay analysis : Overlay analysis used to identify the interrelationship of various surface features on earth and the changes they have undergone over a period of time. This analysis is helpful in understanding the changes in the area of crops, the changes in land use, etc. Suppose we have a map showing the paddy cultivation in Thrissur district in 2000. If we want to understand the changes in the area of paddy cultivation by the year 2015, all we have to do is overlay the corresponding map.

Buffer analysis : This is an analysis capability used for analysing the activities around a point feature or at a definite distance along a linear feature.

Network analysis 

Linear features such as roads, rivers and railway are subjected to network analysis. Using this, we can find the shortest route to reach a place, routes with less traffic, routes without toll and can identify petrol pumps, hospitals and hotels.

For Extra  Reading

A Peep into the History of Remote Sensing First phase : Before 1925

• During earlier times, photographs of Paris city were taken using cameras tied to domestic pigeons.
• Photographs taken in this manner did not have a precise continuation or control. 
• Afterwards, balloons began to be used. 
• In 1858 Gaspard Felix took a photograph of a place called Beaver in France using balloon.

Second phase : 1925 – 1945

• The use of aerial photographs for collecting information about the earth’s surface became more widespread. 
• Camera lenses were used effectively. 
• Advanced aircrafts began to be used. 
• Aerial photographs were used greatly in the second world war.

Third phase: 1945 – 1960

• Aerial photographs began to be used in various fields. 
• Such photographs were widely used for theme based studies.

Fourth phase : 1960 – 1972

• Satellite remote sensing was started. , 
• Earth observation from the outer space started.

Fifth phase : After 1972

• America successfully launched the Landsat series of satellites. 
• India successfully launched several satellites such as Cartosat, Resources at, and Oceans.

Institutions that use Remote Sensing in Kerala Various central and state departments in Kerala and many private companies make use of remote sensing technology.

• Kerala State Remote Sensing and Environment Centre (KSRSEC) 
• Centre for Earth Science Studies (CESS) 
• Centre for Water Resources Development and Management (CWRDM) 
• Kerala Forest Research Institute (KFRI) 
• Kerala State Land Use Board (KSLUB) 
• Geological Survey of India (GSI) 
• Central Ground Water Board (CGWB) 
• Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute (CMFRI)

The amount of reflected energy by each object is called spectral signature. Each object on the earth’s surface reflects electromagnetic radiation differently.

The difference in the amount of reflection is because of the variations in the physical properties of objects.

For eg : The spectral signature of sand is different from that of vegetation.

Depth, Suspended particles, floating vegetation, Sun angle.

Correct option: d. All of the above

Flood hazard mapping is a vital component for appropriate land use planning in flood prone areas. It creates easily-read, rapidly-accessible charts and maps which facilitate the administrators and planners to identify areas of risk and prioritize their mitigation/response efforts.

A technique to make two photographs of the same subject, from slightly different positions. 

These two positions should differ approximately 10 cm. These images are called stereo images and can be viewed using stereoscope or by stereo computer graphics devices. The resultant image appears to be 3 dimensional and depth can be seen.

Correct option: d. All of the above

Topographic map, IRS LISS-III data, Census data.

Correct option: c. None of the above

Correct option: c. Both a and b

c) Rural to rural

Correct option: c. Both a and b

Correct option: D. Microwave

To measure the velocity of a target.

Correct option: c. Both a and b

Cascuta plant is the best example for Parasitic (i) nutrition. It has root like structures called haustoria (ii)

Correct option: c. Both a and b

Stamen is Sexual reproducting in plants .

Charles Darwin.

Correct option: b. Vitamin B

Correct option: d. All of the above

Correct option: a. Motion by an explosion

Everest is the datum used for the maps of India.

1. Physical barriers 

2. Language barriers 

3. Gender barriers 

4. Attitudinal barriers 

5. Perceptual barriers 

6. Cultural barriers 

7. Emotional barriers

Correct option: a. Dotted/Dashed

Grizzled Giant

An inverter is an electronic circuit. It is a part of the uninterrupted power supply/source - UPS. Its job is to convert the DC voltage from the battery into AC voltage i.e. into a usable form for supplying household electricity. 

When the main source of current is on, the power supply is everywhere and the power is stored in battery. As the supply of power is off, the stored power is converted from DC to AC by inverter. 

The inverter is used for emergency power backup, it is also used in some aircraft systems to convert the aircraft DC power to AC.

Whole blood samples should not remain at room temperature longer than 8 hours. If assays are not completed within 8 hours, samples should be stored at +2°C to +8°C no longer than 7 days. If assays are not completed within 7 days, or the sample is to be stored beyond 7 days, samples should be frozen at -15°C to -20°C.

Different objects reflect or emit radiations in different wavelengths and intensities depending upon properties of the objects serves as the main communication link between the sensor and the objects.

T square is used to provide a parallel support to one edge of a Set Square while drawing perpendicular lines on the other edge of the Set Square. Primary use for drawing horizontal lines on a drafting table and also guide a set square to draw vertical lines.

Transformation of information from analog format to digital format to store and displayed with a computer. Data transfer, Key board entry.

Ferro-cement is a new innovative construction material. In this, a skeleton is created using cement mortar, metal rods and mesh.

Latest and up to date information, easy to use, low cost and faster.

Trilateration is the basic principle used in GPS to determine the receiver’s location.

The Bhutia group of languages does not include Lepcha.

Blood contains the following substances : 

1. Plasma which contains 90% of the water, through which transport of organic and in-organic materials takes place 

2. Soluble substances - proteins, nutrients, hormones, enzymes, waste materials 

3. Blood cells - red blood cells, white blood cells, thrombocytes 

4. Protein - Serum Albumin, Serum Globulin, Fibrinogen 

5. Nutrients - Glucose, amino acids, vitamins, minerals, salt 

6. Hormones and enzymes. 

7. Waste materials- urea, Co₂.