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Pakistan military-rule was established for the first time.

Jesus Christ was born on 25th December 4 B.C.E at Bethlehem in Judea. Joseph and Virgin Mary were his parents. His father was a carpenter by profession at Nazareth. The birth of Jesus and the simultaneous appearance of the Easter star made the priests to believe that Jesus was a Divine Entity.

He led a simple life and was associated with the poor. Jesus, at the age of 12 went to a Jewish synagogue and surprised the people by expounding the meaning of _ the Jewish religious texts. He was profoundly influenced by John the Baptist and at the age of 30 was baptized by him.

He became a wandering preacher and his simple teachings gathered people around him. He travelled in and around Judea with his 12 disciples and conveyed his messages in the form of parables. His disciples recognized him as the Messiah. Jesus called himself as ‘Son of God’, which enraged the orthodox Jews. He was crucified on Friday the 3rd April 30 C.E at Mount Calvary at Golgotha, a hill near Jerusalem. His resurrection took place on the third day and he remained with his disciples for 40 days and then ascended into heaven.

There were several reasons for the decline of feudalism. The major ones are given hereunder.

1. Rise of strong Monarchies: Europe saw the growth of many strong monarchies, where the Kings suppressed the feudal Lords which led to the decline of feudalism. 

2. Shifting of loyalty: Common people and serfs were unhappy as they were heavily taxed and felt neglected. They shifted their faith and loyalty to the Kings, which further weakened the hold of the feudal Lords. 

3. Growth of commerce and industry: With the growth in commerce arid industry, people found new ways for livelihood and left their lands. The rise of the independent middle class took place, which was a lethal blow to the feudal Lords.

4. Dominance of money economy: Payment in the form of services was replaced by money. Commoners and serfs stopped giving military services to Lords, which further depleted their power and dominance. 

5. Building of strong armies by the Kings: The use of gun powder and well organised armies resulted in the weakening of feudalism. Commoners and serfs under the protection of Kings felt more secure.

6. Scarcity of labourers: The growth of industries and commerce provided alternate employment and depleted the labour strength. Spread of epidemics like plague reduced the number of workers. Demand for workers and their increased wages brought down the importance of the feudal Lords. 

7. Struggle between the feudal Lords: The feudal Lords were troublesome to the serfs and commoners and fighting among themselves for control. These internal wars further decreased their number and the Church also put many restrictions on their functioning.

Nepal has been a victim of maoist turbulence.

वह प्राचीन इतिहास पढ़ रहा है

P.V. Narsingh Rao economic reforms in India started.

Uniteted Nation Organisation Established in 1945 

54 members are there is U.N’s Economic&social council.

1991 on wards has India adopted “Look East” policy.

The main results of the Second World War were as follows: 

1. The Second World War was the most destructive of all the wars fought until then. About 25 million people were killed and 50 million were disabled. Millions of people later died of starvation and diseases. There was a large scale destruction of houses, industries and, communication and transport systems. The destruction of agricultural land led to the shortage of food. After the war, most of the countries faced the problems of post war reconstructions.

2. The World War II ended the dictatorships in Italy and Germany. Italy was declared a Republic under Badogli, and Germany was divided into four zones under U.S.A., U.S.S.R., Britain and France. A Tribunal was set up at Nuremberg to conduct trials of leading Nazis. Japan gave up all its rights on China. Japan was occupied by the Allied Powers.( U.S.A)

3. European domination of the world ended after this war. After the Second World War, U.S.A, and U.S.S.R emerged as two super powers.

4. The distrust between U.S.A and U.S.S.R increased after the war. This led to what is known as the ‘Cold War’. The rivalry of these two super powers had been the most important feature of international relations since 1945. As a result, world peace was constantly threatened.

5. The World War resulted in the victory of the principle of Nationalism and the liquidation of Colonialism. The colonial Empires of European powers in Asia, Africa and Latin America came to an end. India, Ceylon, Indonesia and other countries became independent after the war. 

6. The Jews had become homeless during the Nazi regime in Germany. About six million . Jews perished in the concentration camps. After the war, with the help of U.S.A., a new home land (Israel) for the Jews was created in 1948.

7. Japan experienced disastrous effects of atomic weapons. The entire atmosphere became , poisonous. Most of the new born children suffered from serve deformities. 

8. The most important result of the World War Second was the birth of United Nations Organization with the object of preventing further wars and maintaining peace in future.

India has played an important role in the formation of Non-Aligned Movement. Jawaharlal Nehru, the Prime Minister of India is called the Architect of Non-Aligned Movement. His ‘Panchasheela’ formed the important principles of Non-Aligned Movement. India has not only coined the word‘Non-Aligned’, but has inspired others about it.

The following facts show the relationship between India and NAM. 

1. India has good relations with the other Non-Aligned countries. Nehru’s principles got world recognition in the Bandung conference, which officially declared the Non-Aligned policy.

2. The 7^th summit of Non-Aligned countries was held at Delhi and India’s Prime Minister Smt. Indira Gandhi presided over the conference. She said we should become a united voice in the international organizations. Disarmament, Economic development, technical help were some of the issues that were discussed in this summit. India insisted Israel to withdraw her troops from Palestine.

3. At the 8^th summit of Non-Aligned countries in Harare, the then Indian Prime Minister . Rajeev Gandhi demanded the release of Nelson Mandela of South Africa. He also established the ‘African Fund’ to support the blacks who were fighting for their Rights and Freedom.

4. The summit of Non-Aligned countries was held at Belgrade the capital of Yugoslavia. In this summit, Rajeev Gandhi gave a call for establishing ‘Global Protection Fund’ for the protection of the Environment.

5. At the 12^th and 13^th summits of Non-Aligned countries, Indian Prime Minister Atal Bihari Vajpayee gave a call to take a firm decision to combat international Terrorism. India also supported nuclear disarmament.

6. At the 14^th summit, Indian Prime Minister Manmohan Singh spoke about international terrorism and nuclear disarmament. At the 15^th summit he brought to the notice of Non-Aligned countries, the Mumbai attacks and terrorism. At the 16^th summit held in Iran, Indian Prime Minister Manmohan Singh advocated the need for international action against the spread of nuclear armaments and terrorism. He also gave a call to find a solution to the Syrian problem acceptable to all.

Peace keeping  was devised by the UN General Assembly in 1950.

Malaysia has been kept is the class of “New Economic Tigers of East”.

Dag Hammars Skjoeld UN Secretary-General died in Plane accident.

(b) Kinki is the industrial region of Japan. The Kansai region or the Kinki region lies in the southern-central region of Japan’s main island Honshu. Lorraine is the industrial region of France. Lorraine is one of the 27 regions of France. The administrative region has two cities of equal importance: Metz, the regional prefecture and Nancy. Midlands is the industrial region of U.K. The Midlands is an area comprising central England that broadly corresponds to the early medieval Kingdom of Mercia. It borders southern England, northern England, East Anglia and Wales. New England is the industrial region of U.S.A. New England is a region in the northeastern corner of the United States consisting of the six states of Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, Vermont, Rhode Island, and Connecticut.

UNO-1945  is correctly matched

USA made star-war Programme.

(d) Masjid-e-Suleiman is the oil field of Iran. Kirkuk is the oil field of Iraq. Bargan is the oil field of Kuwait. Deman is the oil field of Saudi Arabia.

World Trade organization is the successor of General Agreement on Trade&Tariff 

Civil War of Congo was the law of Peace-keeping law used for the first time .

(b) It considers it discrimination

“Cuba Crisis” had occurred in 1962.

In 1967 ASEAN was formed.

Manmohan singh Started the “MNREGA” Programme.

In 1962 Indo-China war held.

Under communism, there is no such thing as private property. All property is communally owned, and each person receives a portion based on what they need. A strong central government—the state—controls all aspects of economic production, and provides citizens with their basic necessities, including food, housing, medical care and education.

By contrast, under socialism, individuals can still own property. But industrial production, or the chief means of generating wealth, is communally owned and managed by a democratically elected government.

Another key difference between socialism and communism is the means of achieving them. In communism, a violent revolution in which the workers rise up against the middle and upper classes is seen as an inevitable part of achieving a pure communist state. Socialism is a less rigid, more flexible ideology. Its adherents seek change and reform, but insist on making these changes through democratic processes within the existing social and political structure, not overthrowing that structure.

A co-operative society is an autonomous association of persons united voluntarily to meet their common economic, social and cultural needs and aspirations through a jointly-owned and democratically-controlled enterprise

After 1970 Phase of “détente” start.

BJP of India can be kept in the category of Rightist parties.

Liberalism view points on globalization is based

Communism, most property and economic resources are owned and controlled by the state (rather than individual citizens); under socialism, all citizens share equally in economic resources as allocated by a democratically-elected government.

(d) All of these 

The correct answer is Cucumber.

• Cucumber is an example of zaid crop.
• Crops that are being raised throughout the year due to artificial irrigation are Zaid crops.
• Zaid Kharif: Sown in August-September and harvested in December-January. Important crops include rice, jowar, rapeseed, cotton and oilseeds.
• Zaid Rabi: Sown in February – March and harvested in April -May. Important crops are watermelon, cucumber, leafy and other vegetables.

• Kharif crops
  • Crops are sown at the beginning of the southwest monsoon and harvested at the end of the South -West monsoon.
  • Sown in June-July when rains first begin.
  • Harvested in September-October.
  • Requires a lot of water and hot weather to grow.
  • Important kharif crops: Jowar, bajra, rice, maize, cotton, Jute, groundnut, sugarcane, tobacco, etc.
• Rabi crops
  • Crops need a relatively cool climate during the period of growth but a warm climate during the germination of their seed and maturation.
  • Sown in October-November.
  • Harvested in April-May.
  • Important Rabi Crops: Wheat, barley, gram, linseed, mustard, Masur, peas, and potatoes.

Indian Women’s Movement (IWM) emerged as a part of the social reform movement during the British rule. Initially, men and later women reformers devotedly bore social ridicule, religious excommunication, and loneliness to fight against some of the injustices perpetrated on women, especially the ill-treated widows, such as Sati, prostitution, child marriage etc.

After a prolonged campaign and much reluctance on the part of the British, a law banning Sati was passed in 1829. Women remained confined, by purdah and feudal custom, to household chores. The first Mahila Mandals organised by the Aiya Samaj and the Brahmo Samaj, the reformist organisations, provided the space for reformation.

By the early 1900s, women’s organisations based on language, religion or welfare services proliferated, mainly in urban centers. For example, a Brahmin Women’s Home was built by Subbalakshmi Ammal in Madras, the Mahila Seva Samaj in Mysore, the Bhagini Samaj in Pune, the Chamanbai Maternity and Child Welfare Board in Baroda etc.

The All India Women’s Conference (AIWC), which was established in 1924, and became the single largest voice of the divergent groups, infused all its old and new demands with an equal rights perspective. They demanded for co-education, while the reform law included marriage, divorce and inheritance; economic equality included a right to one’s husband’s income and pension for widows; and surprisingly the right to abortion was also included.

Independence brought many promises and dreams for women too — the dream of an egalitarian, democratic society in which both men and women would have a voice. After Independence, the dust and din of women’s activism gave way to the development of institutions and organisations.

Many middle class women found a place in the expanding service and educational sectors, government structures or the professions. This – numerically small but conspicuous entry into formerly prohibited areas gave rise to an image of the ‘new’ emancipated Indian woman.

By the 1960s, it was clear that many of the promises of independence were unfulfilled. Thus the 1960s and 1970s saw a spate of movements in which women took part in campaigns against rising prices, movements for land rights, peasant movements etc. Women from different parts of the country came together to form groups both inside and outside political parties.

Towards the beginning of the 1980s in Mumbai the Stree Mukti Sanghatana, the Socialist Women’s Group organised study circles and the first women activists’ meeting. The Stree Shakti Sanghatana in Hyderabad influenced the formation of the Purogami Sanghatana in Pune. The Stree Sangarsh, and the Mahila Dakshata in Delhi, Pennurimai gyakkam in Chennai, Vimochana in Bengaluru were a few of the new well known organisations.

Rallying around specific instances of violence against women, the feminists sought to create public awareness through protest marches, sit-in strikes and media publicity. Women’s organisations established in the post-independence days have, consistently attacked the anti-women bias in society, provided support to women in distress and remained vigilant against sexist bias in national policies and implementations.

These include: invasive reproduction and family planning technologies; discriminatory practises in education and employment; and laws that countervail gender equality. The women’s movement in India has, over the years, seen different splits and alliances, organisations and platforms, and responded to different issues with different answers and actions.

The leadership of the women’s movement has remained predominantly middle class The women’s movement in India has chosen to influence and pressurize the State and its organs rather than oppose, fight and seize State power.

Zoos should be banned all over the world because this is cruelty on animals. Animals are not feel safe in zoos. An unsuitable environment in the zoos for all types of animals they are not feel comfort themself 

Problems of Indian cities can be classified in the following ways: 

1. Urban Poverty: Urban poverty is the by-product of industrialization and urbanization. Poverty and overcrowding are the two most visible features of Indian cities. About half of the urbanites are poor and live in substandard life, because of cost of living, lack of regular income, low wages, pro-rich economic policies, inflation, etc

India has issued its first-ever report on the nature and dynamics of urban poverty in the country undertaken with the support of the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP), India Urban Poverty Report 2009 which identifies the problems faced by the poor and focuses on the systematic changes that are needed to address them.

The report examines various issues related to urban poverty, such as migration, labor, the role of gender, access to basic services and the appalling condition of India’s slums. It also looks at the dynamics of urban land and capital market, urban governance, and the marginalization of the poor to the urban periphery.

2. Slums: The magnitude of the problem of slums is alarming. The Government of India, in order to implement the various schemes for urban development, has defined a slum area as follows:

A slum area means any area where such dwellings predominate of dilapidation, overcrowding, faulty arrangement of buildings, narrowness and faulty arrangement of streets, lack of ventilation, lack of sanitation facilities, inadequacy of open spaces and community facilities or any combination of these factors, are detrimental to safety, health or morale,” These slum areas are also referred to as the ‘Blighted area’; ‘Renewal area’; ‘deteriorated area’, ‘Gray area’; ‘Lower class neighborhood’; ‘Lower income area’, etc.

3. Problem of Urban Housing: The bulk of the people in the Indian cities live in one-room or in thatched huts in the sprawling slums or on the pavements. Another sad feature is total lack of essential municipal services like water supply, drainage, sewarage, lighting, -roads, etc.

Further, large proportion of the rural migrants have been bringing with them unskilled persons who take up unskilled jobs in the services, trade, industries, etc. Generally, a single room has to meet all the requirements of the family including cooking, living, sleeping which make confinement.

It is difficult to keep reasonably clean and sanitary washing and bathing facilities. The inconvenience they have to undergo is aggravated during the rainy days. Almost all the above mentioned conditions are found in shawls of Mumbai, that as of Kanpur, bastis of Kolkata, cherish of Chennai as well as in Dhowrahas of the mining centers and barracks of the plantations in India.

These are made of brick walls and iron roof or huts consisting of bamboo walls and thatched roofs. The lanes are too narrow and the huts are built back to back. These lack facilities like bathing, washing, and toilets, etc.

4. Sanitation and Pollution: It is accompanied with corrupt Municipal administration and inefficiency. According to UNICEF, lakhs of urban children in India die or suffer from diarrhea, diphtheria, tetanus, and measles, etc.

5. Transportation and Traffic: Transportation and traffic picture in Indian cities is troublesome. Majority of people use buses and other vehicles, while a few use rails as transport systems. The increasing number of two wheelers and other types of vehicles make the traffic problem worse.

The problems of Tribals are as follows: 

1. Geographical Isolation: Tribal's are the people who have been living in remote areas and hill tracks, without any access to socioeconomic inputs. For centuries, tribal's were isolated from the rest of the community, which has also given them wide cultural variations. Their geographical isolation from the mainstream deprived them the chances for progress.

2. Cultural Problems: At present due to contact with outsiders, the tribal culture is undergoing a change. It has led to the degeneration of Tribal life and Tribal arts such as their dance, music and different types of crafts. In several tribal areas, influence of other religions have affected their culture. This is also responsible for alienating them from their culture. The tribal groups have got divided into several sects on the basis of religion. This has shattered their collective life. 

3. Social Problems: Due to the influence of outsiders, the tribal's are facing the problem of dowry, child marriage, infanticide, and un touchability. The contact with outsiders has created several social and health related problems.

4. Economic Problems: Tribal people are economically backward. 

The major economic problems of tribal's are as follows:

• Alienation of Tribal Land to the Non- Tribal's 
• Problem of indebtedness 
• Exploitation in Forestry Operations 
• Primitive methods of Cultivation

5. Educational Problems: According to the 2011 census, the literacy among the scheduled Tribes was 29.6 percent. Main causes of slow progress in literacy among the scheduled Tribes are poverty of the parents, content of education, inadequate educational institutions and supporting services, absenteeism, medium of instruction and educational policy, etc.

6. Exploitation of tribal's by the Moneylenders: He Tribal's continue to be the victims of exploitation by the moneylenders. Indebtedness among the Tribal's may be attributed to the following reasons: Poverty loopholes in the existing money lending laws, lack of awareness about sources of institutional finances and existing legal protection, inability to follow the complicated procedures to obtain loan and consumer credit from institutional sources are the major hindrances.

Indifferent attitude of government and bank officials, private money lenders willingness to advance money to the Tribal's without any security paves way for later exploitation. Absence of alternative credit facility has compelled the tribal's to compromise their fate with moneylenders and accept indebtedness as almost an inescapable aspect of their existence. Lack of employment opportunities add to their woes.

7. Health Problems: The main cause of their sickness is the lack of clean drinking water, nutritive food, and prevalence of communicable diseases.

Decision regarding provision of VETO was  yalta