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51.	Which of the following path of transformation leads to the lysis of the parent cell?(a) Lysogenic(b) Lytic(c) Lysogenic and lytic pathway(d) InductiveI had been asked this question during an interview for a job.My question is from Genetic Recombination in chapter Genetic Recombination of Drug Biotechnology
Answer» The correct answer is (B) Lytic Explanation: After the phage infection, the phage DNA will MULTIPLY inside the host cell. The replicating DNA will produce all the kinds of proteins which a phage needs and then phage heads, TAILS and DNA assembles into PROGENY phage. After that the lysis of the parent cell occurs.

52.	It is tough to transform with plasmid DNA.(a) True(b) FalseI have been asked this question during an interview for a job.The query is from Genetic Recombination topic in chapter Genetic Recombination of Drug Biotechnology
Answer» Right option is (B) False The explanation: Transformation of bacteria using PLASMID DNA is easier. Since plasmid DNA don’t get EASILY degraded as linear fragments and can easily replicate in the host. This METHOD is more commonly used for the introduction of recombinant DNA into bacterial cells.

53.	Artificial transformation in the laboratory is carried out by which of the chemical?(a) Sodium chloride(b) Magnesium chloride(c) Calcium chloride(d) Potassium chlorideI have been asked this question during a job interview.This intriguing question comes from Genetic Recombination topic in chapter Genetic Recombination of Drug Biotechnology
Answer» Right choice is (c) CALCIUM chloride Best explanation: In LABORATORY artificial transformation is DONE by treatment of the CELLS using calcium chloride. This technique also makes the membranes more permeable to the uptake DNA. We can use this technique with species which are naturally competent.

54.	In which of the following organism transformation occurs by the help of membrane vesicles?(a) S. pneumoniae(b) H. influenzae(c) E. colli(d) M. tuberculosisI had been asked this question in homework.My question is from Genetic Recombination in chapter Genetic Recombination of Drug Biotechnology
Answer» RIGHT OPTION is (b) H. influenzae Easiest explanation: Haemophilus don’t PRODUCE a competence factor thus it donot become competent. It take up DNA from closely RELATED species. Ds DNA, complexed with other proteins is then taken in membrane vesicles.

55.	Which enzyme cleaves the DNA?(a) Endonucleases(b) Polymerases(c) Ligases(d) LyasesThe question was asked during an interview.My question comes from Genetic Recombination topic in portion Genetic Recombination of Drug Biotechnology
Answer» The correct answer is (a) Endonucleases The best explanation: After a competent cell binds to a double STRANDED moderately large DNA, the donor FRAGMENTS starts competing with each other. The DNA is then cleaved by endonucleases to FORM small double stranded fragments of about 5 to 15 kilo base.

56.	What should be the minimum weight of DNA that is required for a successful transformation?(a) 1000 Daltons(b) 100,000 Daltons(c) 300,000 daltons(d) 8 million daltonsThis question was posed to me in class test.The doubt is from Genetic Recombination topic in section Genetic Recombination of Drug Biotechnology
Answer» Correct ANSWER is (c) 300,000 daltons Easiest explanation: MOLECULAR WEIGHTS of DNA in the range of 300,000 to 8 million daltons have been shown to result in successful transformation. Various vectors have been manufacture including HAC, BAC, YAC which can TRANSFER bigger PIECES of genomes.

57.	Which of the following things was identified as the transforming principle?(a) DNA(b) RNA(c) Protein(d) CarbohydratesI have been asked this question in final exam.This question is from Genetic Recombination topic in chapter Genetic Recombination of Drug Biotechnology
Answer» Right answer is (a) DNA For explanation: Griffith SHOWED in his experiment that DNA was the TRANSFORMING principle that transformed the LIVING rough bacteria into pathogenic smooth ones. He used two types of bacteria ONE with rough MEMBRANE and other with a smooth membrane.

58.	We require cell-free DNA for transformation to take place.(a) True(b) FalseI had been asked this question in an international level competition.Enquiry is from Genetic Recombination topic in chapter Genetic Recombination of Drug Biotechnology
Answer» CORRECT option is (a) True The explanation: Transformation is the process whereby cell-free or naked DNA containing a limited amount of genetic information is transferred from one BACTERIAL cell to another. If there is Cell it MAY be difficult for the transformation process to be carried out SWIFTLY. THUS, we required a cell-free DNA solution.

59.	When does S. pneumoniae becomes competent for transformation?(a) Lag phase(b) Log phase(c) Exponential phase(d) Stationery phaseI had been asked this question during an online exam.The query is from Genetic Recombination topic in section Genetic Recombination of Drug Biotechnology
Answer» Correct answer is (c) EXPONENTIAL phase Best explanation: For transformation to OCCUR every cell has to be competent. Competency is dependent on several conditions. BACTERIA need to be on certain stage of growth such as S pneumoniae will be competent only on the exponential phase. When the population will be REACHING 107 to 108 CELLS per ml.

60.	Transformation with micro injection is which kind of transformation?(a) Physical(b) Chemical(c) Electroporation(d) NaturalI got this question in an interview.The origin of the question is Genetic Recombination topic in division Genetic Recombination of Drug Biotechnology
Answer» Right ANSWER is (a) Physical Easiest explanation: The transformation carried out using a micro injection falls under the physical transformation category. The physical or mechanical ways are electroporation, microinjection, particle bombardment, SONOPORATION, laser-induced, bead transfection. The biological method is using various VIRAL vectors for the TRANSFER of DNA.

61.	For the process of transformation to take place a bacterial cell must be in a state of ____________(a) Stability(b) Competence(c) Localization(d) HorizontalThe question was asked in a national level competition.Question is from Genetic Recombination topic in portion Genetic Recombination of Drug Biotechnology
Answer» Right choice is (b) Competence The explanation: Transformation is the DIRECT uptake of the genetic material from the surrounding of a CELL. For the transformation to take place a cell has to be competent. Transformation is the one if the three processes of HORIZONTAL gene TRANSFER. In its exogenous gene can PASS from one bacterium to other.

62.	Who discovered transformation?(a) Albert Einstein(b) Robert Hook(c) Fred Griffith(d) Kary MullisThis question was posed to me during an internship interview.Enquiry is from Genetic Recombination in section Genetic Recombination of Drug Biotechnology
Answer» The correct option is (c) Fred Griffith The best explanation: Fred Griffith DISCOVERED Transformation in the year 1928. This is a way in which DNA can be moved between different bacteria. It is the UPTAKE of the naked DNA molecule from a MEDIUM. There will be a donor bacterium and a recipient bacterium.