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(a) difficulty 

(b) secretly 

(c) randomly 

(d) invisibly

Faraday developed memory loss in 1840.

‘Faraday – a Legend is born’.

(a) When he was twelve, his mother was forced to take him out of school.

(b) One day he came across a book on electricity which had been sent to his master for binding.

(c) Faraday decided that day that he wanted to be a great scientist.

(d) Davy never believed Faraday could do anything in the field of science.

(e) People started telling Davy that of all his discoveries, the best was Faraday himself, this made him even more jealous.

(f) He handed him a piece of Bavarian glass, which was used in the lenses in telescopes and microscopes, and asked him to reverse engineer it.

(g) He went on to prove that these patterns were not a property of the iron filings.

(h) It was Maxwell who translated Faraday’s idea into a set of equations that are now called Maxwell’s equations.

filled, disturbed, copied, accepted, favoured, translated, combined, helped, designed, started.

Faraday and Davy.

• 1st para: Michael Faraday, an inspiration
• 2nd para: Unhappy childhood
• 3rd para: Reading, an obsession
• 4th para: Twist in life
• 5th para: Magic of Electricity
• 6th para: Play of destiny
• 7th para: Fruits of labour
• 8th para: Revolution for mankind
• 9th para: A scientist is born
• 10th para: Challenges in life
• 11th para: Magic of magnets
• 12th para: A legend is born
• 13th para: Failure – a stepping stone to success
• 14th para: Obstacles – a challenge
• 15th para: Luck smiles again
• 16th para: Believe in yourself

i. Davy tried to find out how an electric current could be applied continuously, but failed to figure it out. He asked Faraday to try his hand at it. Faraday set to work and within a few days, solved the problem.

ii. Davy was not happy at Faraday’s achievement but was jealous of Faraday.

Faraday was now a legend, wasn’t he?

1. Telescopes: A telescope is an optical instrument that aids the observation of remote objects by collecting electromagnetic radiation (such as visible light). The first known practical telescope was invented in Netherlands at the beginning of the 17th century, by using glass lenses. It has use in both terrestrial applications and astronomy. 

There are many types of telescopes, 

for example, radio telescope, X-ray telescope, optical telescope, etc. They are generally made up of two lenses placed at a fixed distance to enlarge far away images.

2. Fan: A fan is a machine used to create flow within a fluid, typically a gas such as air. The fan consists of a rotating arrangements of blades which act on the fluid. The rotating assembly of blades and hub is I known as rotor. A fan concentrates the airflow in the required direction. The punkah fan was used in India about 500 BC. It was a handheld fan made of bamboo strips and other plant fibre. This evolved over the years to the modern fans we see in our rooms daily now.

3. Sewing machine: It is a machine used to stitch fabric and other material together with a thread. Sewing machines were invented during the Industrial Revolution to decrease the amount of manual sewing work. In a modern sewing machine the fabric easily glides in and out without the inconvenience of needles and thimbles but the earlier sewing machines were partially manual and helped the tailor do the stitching faster saving his time.

Wasn’t Faraday now a legend?

i. True 

ii. True.

Who was James Maxwell?

Subject-You 

Predicate – Get me a glass of water.

Faraday was bom into an extremely poor family. He had a speech defect which ended his formal education. He wanted to become a scientist. He came across a lot of difficulties and failures but through courage and determination, he achieved fame and name.

Gadgets and Instruments:

Fan, air conditioners, sewing machines, power tools, cars, trains, aeroplane engines, induction motors, telescopes, Bavarian glass, microscopes, electrical generators, light bulbs. Now you add to the list of gadgets and instruments. You can add your own too.

1. Microscope: It is an instrument used to see objects that are too small to be seen by the naked eye. Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek (1632-1723), a Dutch scientist, who in the late 17th century became the first man to make and use a real microscope. All microscopes came with a lens that can magnify 40 times the normal size.

2. Electrical generator: It was invented by Michael Faraday in 1831. It is a device that converts mechanical energy into electrical energy. Sources of mechanical energy include steam, turbines, gas turbines, water turbines, etc. It works on the principle of electromagnetic induction.

3. Fan: A fan is a machine used to create flow within a fluid, typically a gas such as air. The fan consists of a rotating arrangement of blades which act on the fluid. The fan was invented by Schuyler Skaats Wheeler in 1882.

(a) Michael Faraday: Michael Faraday (1791-1867) was an English (British) Scientist who contributed to the study of electromagnetism and electrochemistry. He was highly influenced by Humphry Davy and William Thomas Brande. He had notable awards to his credit, a few being Royal Medal, Copley Medal, Rumford Medal, Albert Medal.

(b) Humphry Davy: Humphry Davy (1778-1829) was a British scientist. It was he who found out that the inhalation of nitrous oxide produced surprising results, it came to be known as the laughing gas. He was awarded a medal by Napoleon and he identified the element iodine for the first time. He is remembered for his discoveries of sodium, potassium, calcium.

(c) Thomas Alva Edison: Thomas Alva Edison (1847- 1931) an American inventor and businessman, has been described as America’s greatest inventor. He invented the photograph in 1877 because of which he came to be known as ‘The Wizard of Monto Park’. Thomas Edison had hearing problems during his childhood which persisted. The phonograph was the first machine that could record the sound of someone’s voice and play it back.

Edison recited the nursery rhyme ‘Mary had a little lamb’ and the phonograph played the words back to him. This was invented by a man whose hearing was poor and thought himself as deaf. It was Edison who designed a system of power plants. He has got 1093 patents to his credit. Many awards to his credit. Some of them are Franklin Medal, Albert Medal, Technical Grammy Award, etc.

(d) James Clerk Maxwell: James Clerk Maxwell (1831- 1879) was a Scottish scientist in the field of mathematical physics His most notable work was to formulate the classical theory of electromagnetic radiation. He is known as the Father of Modern Physics. His other contributions included producing the first colour photograph taken in 1861 and many more. He earned an array of awards. To name a few, Rumford Medal, Keith and Hopkins prize, Adams prize, etc.

Faraday was born in a poverty stricken family, suffered from a speech defect as a child, had to start working at the age of thirteen. Poor Faraday had to struggle hard against all odds because he had no social status, no money and no education. Even then he toiled hard and achieved a great success after all his difficulties.

challenges, opportunities – nouns. 

Writing Skills

Lionel Messi, bom in 1987, into a middle-class family who lived in Argentina. He grew up in a football loving family. He developed a passion for football at an early age. At 5, he showed great skills at a club coached by his father. It was strange to see that he was way too short when compared to the boys of his age. Wherever he went he was the shortest of all.

This did not stop him from playing. At the age of 11, he was diagnosed with growth hormone deficiency and had to take medical assistance. Every night he had to take an injection in his legs for 3 years. His family could not afford the treatment for long. Though he was a great asset for his soccer club, they refused to pay his bills. Lady Luck smiled on him and his family. At 13, he got an offer from F. C. Barcelona that they would pay for his treatment if he played for them.

His family moved to Spain with no money or job, all in the hope that his treatment will make him big enough to play soccer. At 17, despite being injury prone he became the youngest player in F. C. Barcelona to score a goal and became a star performer. Today, Lionel Messi is known as one of the greatest footballers of all time. He has won the most Ballon d’Ors in the world. The FIFA Ballon d’Or (Golden Ball) also known as the European Footballer of the year, was an annual association football award presented to the world’s best male player. Messi’s story teaches us ‘Never lose hope. You never know what tomorrow might bring. Keep believing in yourself’.

He was laughed at by other children.

Faraday wanted to be a great scientist. But Davy dismissed all his aspirations in the field of science. He made Faraday his secretary then his lab assistant. Faraday worked day and night and learnt about Davy’s experiments. Even after doing such hard work and getting knowledge and experience Davy was not hopeful about Faraday’s scientific career, because of his social status and education.

No, Davy was unfair in his treatment of Faraday. He looked down upon Faraday because of his low social status and education. He told Faraday not to aspire for too.much and to stick to book-binding.

The actions and thoughts of Faraday which shows he was inspired by Davy are as follows:

1. He kept taking notes. 

2. He was so engrossed in the lecture that he forgot to applaud. 

3. He bound the notes he had taken down into a book, hoping to gift it to Davy. 

4. He was inspired to become a great scientist and Davy became his role model. 

5. Faraday thought that it would be wonderful if Davy became his mentor.

Davy was temporarily blinded by a chemical explosion which took place inside his lab. He needed an assistant with an excellent memory. He was reminded of Faraday and decided to make him his assistant.

1. It would not be very easy.

2. The assignment was accepted by him.

3. a. What did he use now?

b. Where did they find the strange object?

4. He could not explain them.

5. (c) Hundreds of such drawings were made by him.

Faraday kept a single glass brick on his shelf as a souvenir to remind himself of those difficult days. He wanted to remember his failure and the hard work he had done during those difficult days. He believed that it would inspire him in such difficult days.

Davy definitely was not fair in his treatment of Faraday. But Faraday was not deterred and was relentless. He continued working hard day and night to learn as much as he could about Davy’s experiments. Though his work was cleaning the labs, Faraday considered himself lucky to get to see some of Davy’s experiments.

1. prove 

2. field 

3. empty 

4. might

(a) Faraday’s mind was completely filled with thoughts of reading and he did not think of anything else other than reading.

(b) Electricity became Faraday’s very strong attraction lasting all through his life.

When an electric current is applied to a wire, it causes that wire to behave like a magnet and the forces are connected.

poverty → yank → knowing → gorgeous → slap.

1. accomplish, convert, epitomise, generate. 

2. destiny, determine, dismiss, disturb.

Match the words in Column ‘A’ with the meaning in Column ‘B’:

The induction motor is used in fans, air conditioning, sewing machines, photographs, power tools, cars and even trains and aeroplane engines.

1. He worked day and night and learnt as much as he could about Davy’s experiments. 

2. Faraday had a never-give-up attitude and he respected Davy.

1. ant, ball, odd, use, table.

2. and, not, give, ray, yes.

3. that, high, inn, note, goat.

4. frog, road, ox, mango.

Faraday noticed that if he moved a magnet, it would produce electrical current, converting motion into electricity. This is how the electrical generator came into being.

(a) communicative 

(b) educative 

(c) experimental 

(d) successful

I think, the friend knew that Faraday was poor and could not afford to buy a ticket for such a big programme. He also must be knowing about Faraday’s fascination about the subject of electricity, and that would be a great opportunity for him to attend the lecture of the renowned scientist Humphry Davy’s work on the subject chemicals and electrical lighting.

No, Faraday’s drawings were not wrong. It lacked mathematical equations because of which it could not be understood.

Faraday’s drawing were without any mathematical equations as he did not know much about advanced mathematics and lacked formal education. Faraday’s drawing without mathematical equation could not be understood and so his drawings were not accepted.

i. comprehension

ii. aspiration.

(a) invention

(b)friendship 

(c) mystery 

(d) agreement

(a) explode 

(b) comprehend 

(c) revolve 

(d) succeed 

(e) inspire 

(f) educate 

(g) modernize 

(h) encourage