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Cells need the supply of soluble nutrients and oxygen for the energy production.

Blood can never be synthesized artificially. There is no substitute for natural blood. Every healthy person possesses about 5 litres of blood in his or her body. In case of haemorrhage i.e. blood loss, the blood volume may reduce which can result into threat to life. Moreover, the loss of blood should be immediately taken care of, otherwise it may cost the life.

Therefore blood transfusion is very crucial in case of victims of accidents, patients of surgeries or mothers who suffer from blood loss during childbirth (parturition). Some diseases such as thalassemia, blood cancer, etc. also need regular transfusions. Therefore, blood is always needed in many such conditions. Blood donation is only option for such transfusions.

Blood cannot be manufactured by any artificial chemical process. The only way to obtain blood is by donations of blood from a live donor. Blood is needed at times of emergency. The life of person can be saved if timely blood transfusion is given to the needy victim or a patient. Since such donation can save a valuable human life, it is called superior of all donations.

National Voluntary Blood Donation Day is observed on 1st October every year.

Correct option is (a) Superior and inferior vena cava

Correct option is (c) Pulmonary artery and pulmonary vein respectively

Correct option is (c) 38

Correct option is (a) At the beginning of the wind pipe.

(d) Heredity and Environment

Development is a constant process of progressive changes in the living being from the time of conception till adulthood.

(a) Simple to complex.

(c) faster in girls than in boys.

Child’s organs grow and develop at very fast rate. At this stage, the child fully depends on others and behaves in a very selfish and unsocial way. The child wants everything and does not care for needs of others.

Generally, male child is taller than the female child at the time of birth. Till the age of 10-11 years, girls grow faster than the boys and their physical structure is almost similar. As they enter adolescence age differences can be seen in their structure and behaviour.

Characteristics of adolescence are as follows: 

1. Physical changes: In girls, the changes are breast development and menstruation. In boys, physical structure and looks start changing between 14 to 15 years of age. 

2. Hypothetical: The adolescents live in the world of imaginations. 

3. Puberty: Boys are more prone to sexuality than the girls. 

4. Overpowered by emotions: Sudden and unpleasant changes create in them the feelings of insecurity, fear, anger, worry etc. They want to do something adventurous.

Correct Answer is: (d) Death

Growth indicates the expansion of size and shape of the organs, height and weight of the muscles, bones and the formation of blood. This process of growth begins with the inception of pregnancy and continues till maturity.

1. Growth is quantitative i.e., expansion in size, shape, height, weight etc. while development is qualitative i.e., expansion in strength, stamina, efficiency etc. 

2. Growth stops with maturity, while development continues throughout the life. 

3. Growth is a step towards the whole process of evolution while development indicates all types of changes in the man.

(a) Adolescence

Differences between growth and development are as follows: 

1. Growth is quantitative i.e., expansion in size, shape, height, weight etc. while development is qualitative i.e., expansion in strength, stamina, efficiency etc. 

2. Growth stops with maturity, while development continues throughout the life. 

3. Growth is a step towards the whole process of evolution while development indicates all types of changes in the man. 

4. Growth is indicative of change in any organ of the body or its behaviour. Development indicates wholesome changes in the man collectively. 

5. Changes due to growth can be measured, changes due to development can only be. judged in this behaviour and practices. 

6. Growth is clearly visible to every naked eye whereas, development is known generally by conducting tests, interviews, sample survey etc. 

7. Growth does not necessarily mean development too, i.e., one may put on weight but not necessary that his efficiency and stamina also increases. 

8. Development can be possible without growth i.e., without changing weight, height, shape, etc. one can develop his physical and mental abilities, emotional behaviour and social effectiveness.

Principles of development are as follows: 

1. It has its uniqueness. 

2. It is based on heredity and environment. 

3. It proceeds from simple to complex. 

4. It takes place constantly and unabated. 

5. It is faster in the early phases of life.

6. Individuals differences influence development.

7. It is a wholesome process. 

8. Rate of development differs from person to person.

Applying principles of development to the players. Player’s development takes place in a specific and unique way. It is influenced by his heredity and environment. He first acquires rudimentary knowledge of the game and then gradually proceeds towards complexities of the game. A player continues to develop till he attains physical, mental, social and emotion perfection. Some players attain success at faster rate than others which can be forecast by observing his aptitudes, interests, inclination, concentration etc. in the early days.

Phases of development are as follows:

1. Infancy (0-3 years): Its characteristics are:- 

1. Very fast development of size, shape, weight, height alongwith mental, social and emotional behaviour. 

2. The child is fully dependent on others. 

3. The child is very selfish and shows unsocial behaviour. 

4. The child wants everything for himself/herself without considering needs of others.

2. Childhood (6 to 12 years): Its characteristics are: 

1. The child grows and develops at slow rate. 

2. The child starts feeling pleasure in handling his/her own needs. 

3. The child starts socialising by sharing his/her toys with others. 

4. The child starts expressing his/her emotions to the society and learns to balance and control his/her emotions.

3. Adolescence (12 to 20 years): Its characteristics are:- 

1. The adolescent undergoes physical changes such as breast development and menstruation in girls and physical structure, looks and the general appearance in boys. 

2. The adolescents live in their hypothetical world. Aim at something beyond their access and disappointed on failure.

3. At this stage boys are more prone to sexuality than the girls. Boys and girls become the blind followers of love. 

4. They are overpowered by emotions and want to do something adventrous.

4. Adulthood (21 to 40 years): Its characteristics are:- 

1. At this stage, person accepts the responsibility. 

2. They make their own decisions. 

3. Inner conflicts are reduced.

Factors influencing growth and development are as follows: 

1. Heredity: The genes of parents determine the blood group, height, contours and features, intelligence, traits, other mental behaviour, etc. 

2. Environment: All the external conditions, such as family environment, pure water and air etc. leave a great impact on the physical and mental health of the child. 

3. Food and nutrition: A balanced diet with proper dose of nutrients like proteins, vitamins, carbohydrates, fats, minerals etc. is essential for proper growth of the child. 

4. Diseases: Diseases retard the growth and development of the child. 

5. Gender effect: Generally, male child is taller than the female child at the time of birth. The girl grows faster than the boys till the age of 10-11 years. 

6. Recreations: Happiness, pleasures, love, recognition, laughter etc. lead to mental and physical development. 

7. Physical ailments: Any sort of physical ailment retard mental, emotional and social faculties. 

8. Accidents: Accidents during early childhood may have direct or indirect effect on development at later stages of life.

(d) shape of an individual

(c) mental awareness

Environment comprises living conditions, standard of living, availability of pure water to drink and clean air to breathe. These factors directly or indirectly influence the growth and development of a child.

Features of development are: 

1. Development is qualitative 

2. It is a gradual process of constant changes. 

3. It leads to the evolution of mental, emotional and social effectiveness. 

4. It can only be scrutinised or inspected through specified techniques.

The difference of growth from development in terms of above given features respectively are as follows: 

1. Growth is quantitative Le., expansion of size and shape, height, weight, etc. 

2. Growth of a child takes place till adulthood, after that there is hardly any change is witnessed in the weight, height, size and shape of the child. 

3. Growth leads to the change in any organ of the body or its behaviour. 

4. Changes due to growth can be measured and are visible to every naked eye.

Vitamins accelerate the vitality and resistance of the body. For example, vitamin A is essential for good vision and healthy skin, vitamin B assists in keeping teeth and bones strong, vitamin C is very essential for immunity etc.

Generally with the growing age there is hardly any change in the weight, height, size and shape of the child but there is a constant development of his physical and mental abilities, emotional behaviour and social effectiveness.

(b) Way to walk

Correct Answer is: (d) Size

Capillaries unite together to form the veins.

A lung is present on either sides of heart in thoracic cavity

1. Pair of lungs is the main respiratory organ in the human body. They are located in thoracic cavity. 

2. They are present on either sides of heart. 

3. Each lung has double layered pleural membranes. 

4. Trachea bifurcates into two bronchi. Each bronchus enters lung on its side and S divide and re-divide into fine bronchioles.

5. At the end of each bronchiole there is alveolus. Alveolus is surrounded by capillary network. 

6. Each alveolus is extremely thin walled and hence gaseous exchange can occur through diffusion here. Due to thousands of alveoli, the lung surface is increased many a times. 

7. Deoxygenated blood coming from heart by pulmonary arteries is purified here in the lungs. 

8. It is mixed with oxygen due to gaseous exchange and returned back to the heart by pulmonary veins. Lungs thus continuously help in oxygenation of blood with the help of all of the alveoli.

1. Diaphragm is a muscular partition that divides the thoracic and abdominal cavity. 

2. Located at the base of thoracic cage, it is very important in breathing movements. 

3. Diaphragm can undergo consecutive upward and downward movements. 

4. These movements along with movements of thoracic cage cause rise and fall of the pressure in the thoracic cavity. 

5. Rising up of ribs and lowering of diaphragm causes the decrease in air pressure which makes the air to move into the lungs through nose. This is inhalation. 

6. When the pressure rises in the thoracic cavity again, the air is given out. This is exhalation. 

7. This is caused due to ribs returning to their original position and rising diaphragm. This simultaneously increases the pressure in thoracic cavity.

The breathing movements are possible due to contraction and relaxation of the diaphragm. The rib muscles also help in these movements. When the ribs rise and diaphragm is lowered at the same time, then there is a decrease in pressure on lungs.

This causes movement of air into the lungs at the time of inhalation. On the other hand, when ribs come back to their normal position and diaphragm is risen, then pressure on the lungs increases. This causes movement of the air out of the body through the nose in the form of exhalation. These movements are possible only due to consecutive upward and downward movement of the diaphragm.

I. Structure, i.e. components of the human blood: Human blood is a fluid connective tissue consisting of blood plasma and blood corpuscles suspended in it.

1. Plasma: Plasma is the fluid part of the blood which is pale yellow in colour. It is slightly alkaline in nature. It has 90-92% water, 6-8 % proteins and 1-2 % inorganic salts. 

It contains proteins such as albumin, globulin, fibrinogen, etc. There are inorganic ions such as Ca, Na and K.

2. Blood cells: 

a. Blood cells are mainly of three types, viz. RBCs, WBCs and blood platelets. They are produced in the red bone marrow. 

b. RBCs are small, circular and enucleated cells. They are full of haemoglobin which is essential in transporting oxygen. RBCs are red blood cells which are 50 to 60 lakh per cubic millimetre. Their life span is 100 to 127 days. 

c. WBCs are large, nucleated and colourless. They are of five subtypes, viz. neutrophils, basophils, eosinophils, monocytes and lymphocytes. They are 5 to 10 thousands per millimetre of blood.

d. Platelets are very small disc-shaped blood cells which are 2.5 to 4 lakh per cubic millimetre of blood.

II. Function of human blood:

1. Transport functions:

• Gases: Oxygen is carried via blood from lungs to cells in various parts of body and carbon dioxide from tissues to lungs. 
• Nutrients: Simple nutrients like glucose, amino acids, fatty acids are taken up by blood from wall of alimentary canal and transported up to each cell in the body. 
• Waste materials: Nitrogenous wastes like ammonia, urea, creatinine are released by tissues into blood which carries those to kidney for excretion. 
• Enzymes and hormones: Blood transports the enzymes and hormones from the site of their production to the site of their action.

2. Protection: Antibodies are produced in the blood and they protect the body from microbes and other harmful particles. 

3. Thermoregulation: Body temperature is maintained constant at 37 °C by vasodilation and vasoconstriction. 

4. Maintaining the balance of minerals like Na, K in the body. 

5. If bleeding occurs at the injury, platelets and a protein called fibrinogen of the blood form a clot and seal the injury. 

6. Functions of blood cells:

• RBCs: With haemoglobin it carries out transport of respiratory gases. 
• WBCs: Soldiers of the body. Produce antibodies and give immunity to body. 
• Platelets: Help in blood clotting.

The red colour of human blood is due to hemoglobin which is a red coloured conjugated protein with iron that is present on the red blood cells. Therefore, it looks red.

Due to very large number of alveoli the surface area of the lungs is increased many a times for the gaseous exchange. The alveoli are covered over by capillary network for rapid gaseous exchange. The oxygen is taken in the body and at the same time carbon dioxide is given out of the body only by the gaseous exchange occurring at the alveolar surface.

Valves prevent the backflow of the blood. Blood in the veins is not under great pressure so it is likely that it may flow back. But valves prevent such movements. Therefore they are provided with valves.

Pericardium is the protective double membrane that covers the heart. In between the two layers of this membrane there is protective fluid. The pericardium and the fluid together protect the heart from friction and mechanical shock. Since heart is a vital organ, it is well protected by such pericardial membrane.

1. Human heart is four chambered muscular organ. 

2. The size of the heart is about one’s own fist and its weight is about 360 gm. 

3. For protection, it is covered over by doublelayered pericardium. 

4. The wall of the heart is made up of cardiac muscles which are involuntary in nature. They have the capacity of rhythmic beating. 

5. The upper two chambers are called right and left atrium and lower two chambers are called right and left ventricle. 

6. Between right atrium and right ventricle there is tricuspid valve which guards the opening. Similarly between left atrium and left ventricle there is bicuspid valve.

7. On entire right side of the heart there is deoxygenated blood. 

8. On entire left side of the heart there is oxygenated blood. 

9. Right atrium receives deoxygenated blood by superior and inferior vena cava. These two major veins bring deoxygenated blood from entire body to the heart. 

10. Left atrium receives oxygenated blood from lungs by pulmonary vein. 

11. Right ventricle sends the deoxygenated blood to lungs for oxygenation, through pulmonary artery. 

12. Left ventricle supplies oxygenated blood to entire body through systemic aorta.

1. During respiration, the glucose molecules along with some other soluble nutrients are slowly oxidized with the help of oxygen in each cell. 

2. In this process the energy is released in the form of ATP, CO₂ and water vapours are produced.

3. These products are not needed for the body and hence given out of the body in exhalation. 

4. This process of cellular respiration is shown by the following reaction: C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6O₂ = 6CO₂ + 6H₂O + Energy (38ATP)

Blood donor should be healthy. He or she should have good haemoglobin’s content. The RBC and WBC count should also be normal. They should not carry any parasites in their blood such as malarial parasite or dengue virus. The donor should not be HIV positive or should not have any infectious diseases. He should not have any addictions such s drug-abuse or alcohol consumption.

(i) RBCs of the blood contain haemoglobin, an iron compound.

(ii) Diaphragm is present between thoracic and abdominal cavity.

(iii) Cardiac muscles are involuntary.

(iv) pH of oxygenated blood is alkaline.

(v) Production of RBCs occurs in red bone marrow.

(i) K (All others are blood groups.)

(ii) Blood transfusion (All others are components of blood.)

(iii) Capillaries (All others are parts of respiratory system. Capillaries exist throughout the body.)

(iv) Neutrophils (All others are proteins present in the plasma.)

The heart of the child is not functioning properly. Bluish nails show lack of oxygen, thus the baby may be suffering also from respiratory problems.

Development is the evolutionary process of gradual changes in the set direction. 

Heredity: Heredity is transfer of biological characteristics like blood group, facial features, height, weight, mental faculties from parents to children. Thus, genes from parents somewhat decide the growth and development of children. 

Recreations: Happiness, pleasure, love, appreciation, laughter etc. leads to mental development which directly or indirectly causes physical development. Boredom is burdensome and causes ill-effects to mental and physical development. 

Accidents: Accidents may check mental development in child. Also, it has obvious physical development issues. 

Diseases: Disease of any sort affects the physical development of a person due to which it directly affects the mental faculties of that person.