Explore topic-wise InterviewSolutions in .

• The child develops control over his muscles. 
• The child becomes physically independent. 
• The physical territory of the child increases and he automatically learns about social behaviour. 
• The child asks a number of questions to others.

• The fundamental skills of reading, writing, and calculations develop at this age.
• Hand-eye coordination develops along with micro-skills. 
• Even cognitive abilities like thinking and reasoning begin to develop.

The late childhood stage ranges from six years to 11 years of age. The characteristics of late childhood are as follows:

• Children in this stage are curious by nature and experiment with new ideas. They are not satisfied with lame answers. For many parents, late childhood is a troublesome age. 
• Educators regard late childhood as a critical period in the achievement drive. According to educationalists, this is the age of skill development. 
• For psychologists, late childhood is the gang age. During this stage, boys and girls make their separate gangs.

• Late adulthood is a time of achievement. Erikson says that at this age people get experiences and society expects them to be more constructive. 
• Late adulthood is a time of evaluation where people evaluate themselves by their achievements and previous aspirations.

• Adulthood ranges from 21 years to 40 years.
• The prime concerns for a young adult are personal career choice and economic independence. 
• At this stage, an individual tries to settle in his life. Men and women take responsibility for their families and start earning money. 
• The characteristics of Adulthood are as follows:
• Adulthood is the age of settling down. Once they are legally mature, adults have to shoulder their own responsibility. 
• Adulthood is the reproductive age. 
• Problems faced in this stage are different from those faced at earlier stages. 
• An adult tries to establish himself in life and so, experiences tension. 
• As adults start working and get married, they don’t get time to mingle around with their friends like earlier.
• They have to adjust to new patterns of life. 
• Adulthood is a time of changing experiences and changes in the value system. 
• Early adulthood is the time of adjustment to the new lifestyle.

Old age ranges from 60 years to death. Old people have to adjust to their environment. In some cases, the death of a spouse leads to loneliness, The characteristics of old age are as follows:

• Old age is a period of decline in physical and mental capacities. Individuals in this stage also face certain health issues. 
• There are individual differences in the impact of aging.
• Old age is judged by different criteria, e.g. society tends to judge age in terms of physical appearance and activities. 
• There are many stereotypes about old people. 
• Most stereotypes are unfavourable. 
• Elderly people have a minority-group status. 
• Aging requires role changes. 
• Adjustment is poor during old age. 
• The desire to be young is seen in old age.

(i) Neonate

(ii) Foetus

According to India’s census of 2011, 48.46% of our total population is female whereas 51.5% is male. This means that as per the census, the proportion of females is almost equal to that of males in total population. So, females are a very good human resource and hence, they should play a good role in the development of Indian economy. But, when we look at the statistical numbers we see that contribution of women in Indian economy is quite less as compared to men.

A male gets an average schooling of 7.2 years whereas a female gets only 3.6 years i.e. half of what men gets. Life expectancy of women in more than the men but even though their per capita income is lesser than men. Man earns about US $8,656 whereas women earn just US $2,116. India’s 79.9% labour force is male whereas only 27% is female. So, even though census says we have almost equal number of males and females, the contribution of females is quite less in the economy.

For many decades a country’s level of development was measured only in terms of its economic growth. The ideas that the quality of life people enjoy in a country, the opportunities they have and freedoms they enjoy are important aspects of development now and the works of Mahbub-ul-Haq and Amartya Sen are important in this regard.

•  According to Haq-development in all about enlarging people’s choices in order to lead long, healthy lives with dignity. The basic goal of development is to create conditions where people can live meaningful lives
• Prof.Amartya Sen saw an increase in freedom or decrease in unfreedom as the main objective of dvelpment.
• The works of these economist are path breaking and have succeeded in bringing people to the centre of any discussion on development.

Reasons – 

1. Low rate of literacy in the sates like Bihar, M.P and Orissa. 

2. Low economic development in the states like Orissa, Assam and Bihar etc. 

3. Lack of effective implementations of govt. policies in these states.

India has a long way to go and still a lot of work needs to be done to fulfil the parameters of health, education and women empowerment.

The challenges to progress in human development are as follows:

(i) Health: The impediments in the fulfilment of the parameters in the area of health are population growth, widespread common and contagious diseases, malnutrition, physically disabled handicapped and mental disorder. Environmental pollution and crowded habitat created by increasing urbanization are health-related obstacles.

(ii) Sex ratio: The ratio of the female population to the male population is unfavourable. As per the Census of 2011. Female population was 48.46% to 51.54% male population. The sex ratio was most unsatisfactory in the states like Punjab and Haryana. The proportion of female illiteracy is larger, their per capita income is lower, fewer women have employment opportunities. Gender-based discrimination and inequality in economic, political, social-cultural and religious fields poses a huge challenge to human development in India.

(iii) Women empowerment: Women are victims of unhealthy social traditions and gender-based discrimination. Women are ‘powerless’ in comparison to men. Women lack financial independence and this dependence – makes them “helpless’. A number of steps have been taken in the direction of women empowerment, such as 50% reservation of seats in local self-government and encouragement to the formation of the Self-Help Groups of women. However, more efforts are necessary to empower women.

Human development- it is the enhancement in the people’s choice and improvement in their lives. The concept of human development was introduced by Dr. Mahbub-ul-haq in 1990.

United Nation’s Development Programs has suggested the following indicators of human development. 

1. Health 

2. Education 

3. Access to resources

A period between conception till birth is called a prenatal period. It is the most crucial period in development due to the following factors:

• Heredity serves as the foundation for later development. 
• Favourable conditions in the mother’s womb can foster the development of hereditary potentials while unfavourable conditions can block their development. 
• Sex determination takes place during the first three months of life. 
• Proportionally faster growth and development take place during the prenatal period as compared to an individual’s entire life. 
• Failure to take proper care of the mother may lead to physical and psychological hazards to the unborn child

Dr. Mahbub ul Haq.

There is a set of expectations about changes in an individual at a certain age based upon the norms of development. This set is known as a developmental task. The developmental tasks at different stages are as follows:

• Prenatal stage: In this stage, the child is completely dependent on the mother for nourishment. There is the rapid development of physical systems and organs.
• Neonatal stage: The child is still dependent on the mother and there is the development of initial reflexes. 
• Infancy: This stage is associated with motor, cognitive and psychosocial development as well as rapid physical development. 
• Early childhood: Although physical development is comparatively slow, we observe increased cognitive and linguistic development. It is also associated with the beginning of socialization. 
• Late childhood: School provides an opportunity for overall development during this stage. There is the development of physical, mental, cognitive, and psychosocial abilities. 
• Adolescence: Rapid visible physical changes occur in this stage. Also, the concept of self-identity and careerrelated awareness begins to develop. 12/8/21, 3:38 PM Maharashtra Board Class 11 Psychology Solutions Chapter 4 Human Development – Maharashtra Board Solutions
• Early adulthood: Individual completes education and chooses his career. He also chooses a suitable partner and gives importance to family responsibilities. 
• Late adulthood: There are more family and occupational responsibilities. Adults in this stage take responsibility of their parents. Also, women go through menopause and men experience andropause. 
• Old age: Retirement life begins in this stage. Leisure is forced on people due to old age. People also experience many health problems. Also, they start thinking about death.

(i) (A) 10th September

(ii) (A) Empty Nest

(iii) (B) Old age

(iv) (A) Retirement

• Internal factors affecting human development are basically related to heredity characteristics or genes. 
• Some of the internal factors are Predisposition to certain diseases, immunity, over or under secretion of hormones.
• Internal factors determine the inherent physical and mental characteristics of an individual and thereby, have a crucial impact on the development.

• The cephalocaudal principle describes the direction of growth and development. 
• It states that the development proceeds from the head to toe. 
• According to this principle, the child gains control of the head first, then the arms, and then the legs.

• External factors affecting human development are basically related to nature or the environment. 
• Some of the external factors are Parental attitudes and expectations, peer group and interpersonal relations, mass media, and overall social environment. 
• External factors shape the thoughts, attitudes, and beliefs of an individual and thereby, have a significant effect on development.

• There are two principles of development, viz. Cephalocaudal principle (development proceeds from the head to toe) and Proximodistal principle (development proceeds from the center of the body to outward).
• These principles prove helpful to doctors while evaluating the development of an individual. Further, the application of the cephalocaudal principle can also be seen in corporate organizations where decisions taken by the board of directors at the top level are communicated to and implemented by managers and workers. Similarly, the proximodistal principle applies to the development of cities from the center to the outward peripheries.

Equity, sustainability, productivity and empowerment.

Human development is a process of enlarging the range of people’s choices , increasing their opportunities for education, health care , income and empowerment and covering the full range of human choices from a sound physical environment to economic , social and political freedom.

The basic goal of development is to create conditions where people can live meaningful lives.

The four pillars of human development:-

• Equity –It refers to providing equal access to opportunities available to everybody irrespective of their gender, race, income and caste. 
• Sustainability-Sustainability means continuity in the availability of opportunities for sustainable human development. 
• Productivity-It refers to human labour productivity in terms of human work. It must be constantly enriched by building capabilities in people. 
• Empowerment –It means to have the power to make choices. Such power comes from increasing freedom and capabilities, good governance and people –oriented policies, so as to empower people.

(i) True

(ii) True

(iii) True

(iv) False

(i) (A) neonate

(ii) (A) Early childhood

(iii) (A) toy

(iv) (A) late childhood

(v) (B) boys

Growth is quantitative change and it refers to physical changes. On the other hand, development is qualitative change and it includes physical as well as mental changes. 

Growth is perceived through changes in size, weight as age advances and it is a part of development. Development is perceived through changes in behaviour and it is all-inclusive in nature.

• The proximodistal principle describes the direction of development. 
• It states that the development proceeds from the center of the body to outward. 
• This means that the spinal cord develops before outer body parts. 
• The child’s arms develop before the hands and the hands and feet develop before the fingers and toes.

• Maturation refers to a natural unfolding of the genetic potential at the appropriate time in the course of development. Maturation denotes changes in specific behavioural patterns while development denotes qualitative changes.
• Maturation changes are genetic and cannot be speeded up. On the other hand, development results from an interaction between maturation and exposure to training as well as environmental factors.

(i) (A) Human Development

(ii) (B) Growth

(iii) (B) Developmental

(iv) (B) 238

(v) (B) fetal

(i) True

(ii) False

(iii) True

(iv) False

(v) False

(i) b. different

(ii) a. predictable

(1) Democratic Republic of Congo 

(2) Nigeria 

(3) Burundi 

(4) Mozambique 

Reasons for low HDI 

• Political turmoil 
• Social instability (civil war) 
• Famine 
• High incidence of diseases.

Although India has made several efforts for improving the health of people, there are several negative sides too. In India, water bom diseases and malnutrition have increased. Till date many Indian women and children belonging to poor class do not get nutritious food. The suffer from lack of nutrients, basis minerals, many vitamins and proteins.

As a result, their body cannot develop properly and fully and they keep on suffering from various health problems. With rise in development and population, the problems of environment pollution and poisonous gases have become a common problem.

Our administrators are not able to handle the increasing urbanization and crowded habitats. So, providing suitable and sufficient health facilities for all remains an ever standing issue.

The neonatal stage is the period from birth to two weeks.

• During this period, a newborn starts adjusting to the external environment, e.g. outside temperature. 
• The neonate sleeps for around 18 to 20 hours. 
• The characteristics of the neonatal stage are as follows: 
• It is the shortest of all developmental periods. 
• It is the time of radical adjustment. 
• It can be a hazardous period, both physically (because the neonate has to make radical adjustments to the new and different environment) and psychologically (because it is the time when the attitudes of significant people in neonate’s life will have an effect on his development).

Four counties with high human development index: 

1. Norway 

2. Australia 

3. Netherlands 

4. U.S.A

Reason for high HDI 

• Investment more in the Social Sector (education, health care)
• Good governance 
• Free from political turmoil and instability.

Health of a person is the most important and invaluable asset for the person himself as well as the nation. If the people of nation are healthy, they can lead a happier and a motivated life. People with poor health fall sick quite often. So, they cannot go to work. This decreases the productivity of the nation and hence the economy. Healthy people can work regularly, by remaining motivated and with higher efficiency. Hence, healthy people can make the economy of the nation healthier.

Odissa and Bihar.

Health is an important and valuable asset. Developing countries like India face the challenges of rapid population growth, contagious and common diseases, malnutrition and physical/mental disabilities. However, India has done a lot of work in the or post-1947 period in the field of health improvement.

(i) Child Health: Infant mortality rate has been considerably reduced by undertaking Universal Immunization Programme. Vaccination for various diseases is provided at childbirth and during early infancy. These include OPV for Polio; BCG for Tuberculosis; DPT for Diphtheria, Pertussis and Tetanus; MMR for Measles, Mumps and Rubella; Vaccination for Hepatitis-B; and Typhoid. With the decline in infant mortality rate, a marked improvement in child health has been noted.

(ii) Control over population growth: Family Welfare Programme (Earlier Family Planning Programme) has enabled India to reduce birth rate to 1.9%p.a.

(iii) Pollution control: Steps have been taken to control environmental pollution by enacting laws relating to water and air pollution.

(iv) Nutrition: To overcome the programme of malnutrition, mid-day nutritious meal programme for school-going children has been started.

(v) Health services: A network of primary health centres, cottage hospitals and civil hospitals in the rural and urban areas have been set up. They provide health services either free or at a nominal fee.

Indifference or dislike towards improvement. Low aspirations. Illiteracy in both male and female. Lack of entrepreneurship. Suspicion and superstition, old, rigid and orthodox thinking and traditions. Improper use of natural resources. Improper family planning. Not allowing women to empower, etc.

Bihar state of India has the lowest literacy rate.

As the name suggests, the Human Development Index is highly associated with the development of humans. Unlike material resources, it is extremely difficult to develop humans so as to improve overall HDI. Government needs to put a lot of efforts to motivate humans to take up education, take care of their health, etc. Moreover, the government also needs to create huge infrastructural facilities along with several schemes for human welfare, so that people’s overall development takes place and our HDI rises.

Even today, about 70% of our population resides in villages. It is quite difficult and a challenging task to make understand the rural mass about various government schemes, advantages of literacy, raising their living standards, etc. So, if India needs to improve its HDI, it needs to put strenuous efforts to handle the rural mass and hence, India has to go along way in HDI improvement.

Kerala state of India has highest HDI.

The Human Development Index (HDI) is a composite statistic of three economic indicators. The HDI formed on the basis of these indicators is used to rank countries into four tiers of human development at world level. The HDI is used to prepare a report called Human Development Report (HDR). The concept of Human Development Index was given by Mahbub-Ul-Haq.

He then gathered many others including Indian origin Nobel Prize winner economist Amartya Sen in this work. This team, under United Nations, Development Programme (UNDP), published the first human development Report (HDR) in 1990. This report was prepared on the basis of Human Development Index (HDI). Since then UNDP publishes Human Development Report (HDR) every year. Till 2009, the Human Development Index was formed on the basis of three indicators namely,

1. Life expectancy (Health);
2. Knowledge and
3. Living standard (per capital income).

The HDR was then prepared to based on these economic indicators. After 2010, a new technique was used to develop HDI and hence prepare HDR. Under this technique the three indicators were:

1. Life Expectancy Index (LEI),
2. Educational Index (E) and
3. Income Index (II) (life style).

(B) Amartya Sen

The Abhayam Yojana’ is a helpline to provide help to women in distress and those who are suffering from various types of violence. It is meant to provide them security as well guidance about development schemes for women.

Human development covers all areas of human life. The significant among these are: 

Peaceful and prosperous life. Opportunity to live a successful and creative life as per one’s abilities, wisdom and interest. Long, healthy and qualitative life. Knowledge acquired through education. Opportunity to earn livelihood. Equal Opportunities to avail natural resources and live a qualitative life. Personal and social security. Opportunity to exercise human rights.

1. Human Development

2. Health

3. Constitution

4. woman

5. Woman Empowerment

Human Development: The shift in emphasis from economic development to human welfare finds expression in the term ‘Human Development’. According to the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP), “Human Development is a process of extending human aspirations and essential subsistence services.” Human development is not merely an increase in per capita income, but also utilization of that income. It provides opportunity to live a creative life according to one’s skills, intelligence, capabilities and taste.

A lot of unhealthy things around us have adverse effect on the Human Development Index. 

These are:

1. Pregnant women suffering from malnutrition,
2. Birth of underweight children,
3. Children suffering from malnutrition,
4. Starvation death and suicide of farmers,
5. Children not going to Aanganwadi.
6. School going children lacking capability to read and write,
7. Children ‘dropping out’ from school to work as child labour,
8. Parents refusing opportunities of higher education to their daughters,
9. Educated and uneducated unemployed young people,
10. Untimely death due to accidents,
11. Person suffering from chronic ailments.