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The correct choice is (c) Pleasure

For explanation I WOULD say: The harmful effects of consuming tobacco are STAINS, smell, emphysema, bronchitis, premature wrinkling, Gastro-intestinal disorders, coronary heart diseases, sexual dysfunction, CANCER, arteriosclerosis, ETC.

The correct answer is (B) 31^st May

The explanation is: World No Tobacco Day is celebrated on 31^st May. Tobacco and its smoke CONTAIN a large number of ciliotoxins, IRRITANTS, carcinogens and tumour stimulants. Smoking and other forms of tobacco addictions REDUCE LIFE span and bring about early death.

The correct option is (a) Nicotine

For EXPLANATION I would SAY: Habit-forming active ingredient of tobacco is nicotine. It is synthesised in the roots but accumulates in the leaves. Nicotine CONTENT of tobacco LEAF is 0.5-8%. A CIGARETTE contains 6-11 mg of nicotine, out of which 1-3 mg is inhaled.

Correct CHOICE is (b) Nicotiana tabacum

To elaborate: Tobacco is dried and cured leaves of young BRANCHES of Nicotiana tabacum. The leaves are LARGE, BROAD, ovate to lanceolate in OUTLINE. They are picked up, dried and cured to yield tobacco.

Correct option is (C) Giving other drugs

For explanation I would say: For de-addiction, psychotherapy or counselling is very IMPORTANT. The patient should be provided with thiamine rich DIET and brain DEPRESSANTS like benzodiazepines. Patients are also given DISULFIRAM or carbimide.

The correct option is (C) FREE state of mind

Easy explanation: The ill effects of drinking alcohol on our health are VARIOUS gastric disorders, arterial dilation, reduced RESISTANCE to DISEASES, neuritis, osteonecrosis, sexual dysfunctioning, etc.

Correct answer is (d) Liver Cirrhosis

To explain: A part of alcohol is changed to acetaldehyde which stimulates the formation of fats which gets deposited over the walls of arteries and in the cells of the liver. With the ACCUMULATION of FAT, the liver cells fail to PRODUCE proteins and enzymes. There is a little REGULATION of fat, PROTEIN and carbohydrate metabolism. The disorder is called fatty live syndrome. Liver later turns into a fibrous organ. This process is called Liver cirrhosis.

The correct choice is (b) False

Explanation: Alcohol is not a stimulant. Rather it dulls senses and ACTS as a depressant of ALMOST all body functions. HOWEVER, it ALSO removes inhibitions and LEARNED behaviour. As a result, after drinking alcohol, people generally have a tendency to show uncivilised behaviour.

Right choice is (c) Success

To EXPLAIN: The reasons for developing a drinking habit generally are for a feeling of INDEPENDENCE, OVERCOMING frustration due to failure or loss, unhappy family LIFE, curiosity, group pressure, pleasure or excitement, relief from PAIN, etc.

Right choice is (a) Alcohol

The BEST I can explain: Alcohol or ethyl alcohol is the most commonly consumed and ABUSED intoxicant. It is OBTAINED through fermentation of various food articles and some fungi. Addiction to alcohol is called ALCOHOLISM or alcohol dependence.

Correct option is (C) Seeking HELP from unprofessional quacks

Easiest explanation: Some of the measures which are useful in PREVENTION and control of DRUG and alcohol abuse among ADOLESCENTS are proper education, counselling, seeking help from parents and teachers, avoiding undue peer pressure and seeking professional and medical help.

The correct choice is (d) Persuade the child to take more drugs

To explain: GOOD parenting that combines with HIGH levels of nurturance and consistent DISCIPLINE, has been associated with lowered risk of substance (alcohol/drugs/tobacco) abuse. It is best to IDENTIFY the situations that may push an ADOLESCENT towards the use of drugs or alcohol and to take remedial measures well in time.

Right answer is (b) Excessive hair growth on face and body

Explanation: The side effects of the use of anabolic steroids in males INCLUDE acne, increased aggressiveness, mood swings, depression, REDUCTION of the size of testicles, decreased sperm PRODUCTION, the potential for liver and kidney dysfunction, breast ENLARGEMENT, premature BALDNESS, enlargement of the prostate gland.

Right choice is (a) BREAST Enlargement

The explanation: The side-effects of the USE of anabolic steroids in females include MASCULINISATION, (features LIKE males), increased aggressiveness, mood swings, depression, abnormal menstrual cycle, excessive hair GROWTH on the face and body, enlargement of clitoris, deepening of voice.

The correct option is (C) Vicks

Best EXPLANATION: Certain sportspersons misuse DRUGS to enhance their performance. They misuse narcotic analgesics, anabolic steroids, diuretics and certain hormones in sports to increase muscle strength and to promote aggressiveness and as a result, increase ATHLETIC performance.

Correct option is (B) False

For explanation: PEOPLE who take drugs intravenously are much more likely to acquire serious infections LIKE AIDS and HEPATITIS B. The viruses which are responsible for these diseases, are transferred from one person to another by SHARING of infected needles and syringes.

The correct answer is (d) Positive ATTITUDE towards life

Explanation: The most common signs of drug and alcohol abuse among youth are a drop in academic performance, unexplained absence from SCHOOL or college, lack of interest in personal hygiene, isolation, FATIGUE, depression, aggressive and rebellious behaviour, loss of interest in hobbies and deteriorating relationships with FAMILY and friends.

The correct choice is (a) The TOLERANCE level of receptors present in our BODY increases

Easy EXPLANATION: With repeated use of drugs, the tolerance level of receptors present in our body increases. Consequently, the receptors only respond to higher doses of drugs or ALCOHOL leading to greater intake and addiction.

Right choice is (d) Hypersomnia

To explain I would say: Withdrawal symptoms are unpleasant PSYCHOLOGICAL and physical symptoms that appear on the SUDDEN stoppage of addictive DRUGS. For e.g., Excessive sweating, Tremors, fits, CONVULSIONS, disturbed sleep or INSOMNIA.

Right choice is (c) Craving

To elaborate: In PHYSICAL dependence, the repeated use of the drug changes the physical; EQUILIBRIUM of the BODY so much that in the absence of the drug, NORMAL functioning of the body is impaired resulting in tremors, cramps, twitching, convulsions, FITS, severe agitation which is sometimes even life-threatening.

The correct ANSWER is (b) False

Explanation: The combination of Alcohol and Cannabis causes marked loss of body coordination, increased reaction TIME and impaired judgement. The combination of Alcohol and Aspirin causes DAMAGE to the GASTRIC MUCOSA.

Correct CHOICE is (d) Does not affect the individual

The best I can explain: There is often a mix up of drugs with alcohol and other substances, For e.g., Insulin, aspirin. So the COMBINATION of drugs may enhance sedation, cause COMPLICATION (e.g., hypertension) or REDUCE the EFFECT of medicine.

Correct answer is (a) Alcohol + BENZODIAZEPINES

Easiest EXPLANATION: The combination of Alcohol and Benzodiazepines CAUSES a dramatic SEDATIVE effect. The combination of Alcohol with Antihistamines, Barbiturates and Aspirin causes marked drowsiness, marked depressant effect and damage to gastric mucosa respectively.

The correct option is (b) Decreased Vital Capacity of the LUNGS

The explanation is: In MARIJUANA or Hashish SMOKERS, a decreased vital capacity of the lungs is observed. The regular use of these drugs CAUSES addiction. It further leads to Tachycardia, PRECIPITATION of Angina, Chronic cough, and Bronchitis.

The CORRECT answer is (a) Constriction of pupils

Best explanation: Use of Bhang, Charas or GANJA LEADS to Dilation of pupils, Anxiety attacks, light-headedness, Pleasure, Redness of eyes, Increased appetite, Impaired depth PERCEPTION, Impaired DRIVING ability, slowing of time sense, Delayed response, etc.

The correct choice is (c) 9-tetrahydrocannabinol

For EXPLANATION: HASH oil is a lipid-soluble plant extract. It is a highly concentrated form. The psychoactive substance is 9-tetrahydrocannabinol. It is quickly absorbed in the lungs and is converted to a psychedelic CHEMICAL 11-hydrotetrahydrocannabinol in the liver.

Right CHOICE is (a) FEMALE INFLORESCENCE

The best I can explain: Ganja is a cannabinoid obtained from the dried unfertilised female inflorescence. Usually, it is smoked in CIGARETTES and pipes. It is the most commonly used illegal drug around the world.

Correct choice is (b) False

The BEST I can explain: To make Bhang, fresh or dried leaves and flowering shoots of both male and female plants are used as ingredients for a DRINK or other FOOD article, e.g., pakora, tikki.

Correct choice is (a) Cannabis sativa

For explanation: CANNABINOIDS are obtained from Cannabis sativa. The parts of this plant are used for various purposes like to reduce stress and relieve PAIN. But the side effects of this drug overpower its MEDICAL benefits and SOMETIMES it is abused by people.

Right answer is (c) Phencyclidine

The best I can explain: Phencyclidine is a veterinary medicine used in immobilising large ANIMALS. A dose of 5 mg causes EXCITEMENT, ANALGESIA, dysarthria, a feeling of estrangement, a horizontal or vertical oscillation of eyeball, vasospasm of cerebral arteries, insomnia, and CHRONIC schizophrenia.

Correct choice is (a) Phencyclidine

The explanation is: PCP stands for Phencyclidine drugs. It is AVAILABLE to addicts as angel dust or WHITE granular powder. It is a hallucinogenic drug that causes IMPAIRED motor coordination, distortion of body IMAGE, ETC.

The correct ANSWER is (d) Reduced heart rate

The BEST explanation: Psychological and physiological effects are found even in a SMALL dose of only 20 μg taken orally. The drug brings about rapid heartbeat, high blood pressure, high body temperature, pupillary DILATION, VOMITING, tremors. There are mood changes, visual illusions, conflicting often bizarre perceptual changes.

The CORRECT option is (a) A fungus

Best explanation: LSD is a CRYSTALLINE amidated alkaloid derived from ergot, an extract got from the fruiting body of fungus CLAVICEPS purpurea. LSD was found to be PSYCHEDELIC in 1947. There is marked hallucinations, ecstasy and emotional outburst.

The CORRECT answer is (b) Lysergic ACID diethylamide

To explain: LSD stands for Lysergic acid diethylamide. LSD leads to CNS damage, non-coordination of body parts, CHROMOSOMAL aberrations, FOETAL abnormalities and psychosis. It may lead to unconsciousness and even DEATH.

Correct CHOICE is (b) They produce a true sensory stimulus

Explanation: Hallucinogens are formulations which changes one’s perceptions, thoughts and FEELINGS without any true sensory stimulus. They are ALSO called psychedelics. These drugs are CHARACTERISED by intensified sensory perception, perceptual DISTORTION, hallucination and intense feeling of either despair or euphoria.

Correct option is (C) A decrease in body TEMPERATURE

Easiest explanation: Cocaine increases heartbeat, blood pressure and body temperature. In high dose, the rise in temperature or blood pressure may be lethal. The drug ALTERS membrane transport, prevents uptake of CATECHOLAMINES at adrenergic NERVE endings and interferes with the transport of dopamine.

Right CHOICE is (b) False

The best I can EXPLAIN: Cocaine has a potent stimulating action on the central NERVOUS SYSTEM PRODUCING a sense of euphoria and increased energy. Cocaine gives a feeling of pleasure followed by hallucinations.

Right choice is (c) Coke

Best explanation: Powdered cocaine is coke. The drug is a BITTER, WHITE, crystalline powder which is often ADULTERATED with glucose or lactose and local anaesthetics. It is INHALED or injected.

Correct answer is (d) REDUCES hunger

The explanation is: In SMALL quantities, as present in the leaves, cocaine relaxes FATIGUED muscles, increases mental alertness and physical strength but it reduces hunger. Its PURIFIED content was once USED as a local anaesthetic, especially in dentistry.

The correct CHOICE is (a) Erythroxylum COCA

For explanation: Cocaine is a local anaesthetic, vasoconstrictor and powerful stimulant which is obtained from the dried leaves of Coca plant, Erythroxylum coca which is native to South America. Its leaves can be chewed, eaten, SNIFFED in powdered form or TAKEN as a DRINK.