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The nicotine causes the releases adrenalin and raises blood pressure & increases heartbeat It binds to haemoglobin & reduces concentration of oxygen & oxygen carrying capacity of blood and the other effects include cancer of lung, throat, emphysema, infertility in males Empathy, awareness about health, consciousness ,critical thinking.

The cell types are

Poly morpho nuclear leucocytes (PMNL) 

Monocyte

Natural killer cells

Macrophages

MALT refers to the lymphoid tissue located with in the lining of the major tracts (respiratory, digestive, urogenital tract)

Because in bone marrow along with blood cells lymphocytes are produced.

Macrophages

Helps T cells.

• It is pathogen specific
• It is characterised by memory

 Widal test the diagnostic test which confirms typhoid.

When people are healthy, 

(A) They are efficient at work which consequently increases productivity and brings economic prosperity 

(B) Health increases longevity. 

(C) It reduces infant and maternal mortality.

• All water resources, pools, tanks to be cleaned regularly and prevent this contamination. Only properly treated water should be added to it.
• Use only purified and disinfected water for drinking.
• Prevent passage of sewage and garbage into water bodies

In DNA vaccines suitable gene means gene controlling formation of immunogenic protein. Gene integrated with vectors immunize a person.

The transformation of normal cells into cancerous neoplastie cells is induced by physical clinical and biological agents collectively called careinogenes, they lose the property of contact inhibition. Differences between viral oncogenes and cellular oncogenes are 

• Viral oncogenes are the genes present in I the oncogenic virus which affect oncogenic transformation of the cells they infect. 
• Cellular oncogenes are the genes presents in normal cells and code for growth factors, when activated under certain condition can cause oncogenic transformation of the cell.

The side effects in females includes

• Increased aggressiveness
• Abnormal menstrual cycle
• Excessive hair growth on the face and body 
• Enlargement of elitoris
• Deepening of voice
• Mood swings and depression.

The antibodies IgA in colostrum

Antibodies received by foetus through placenta

Physiological barrier:

• Saliva in the mouth and tear contain an anti bacterial substance.
• HC₁ scented by the stomach (C) Cytokine barriers: Interferon are the proteins which are produced by the body cells in response to viral infection and they protect the noninfected cell from viral infection.
• Spleen acts as filter of blood by trapping the blood borne microbes. It contain phagocytes which destroy the microbes through phagocytosis.

Vaccine is a suspension of killed or alternated pathogenic macro organism or antigenic preparations made out of it which on administration provides immunity towards the pathogen.

Enzyme Linked Immune Sorbent Assay.

ELISA test is used in the diagnosis of AIDS, hepatitis-Band other STD‘s

Vaccination process of introducing a preparation of antigenic protein of the pathogens or weakened or killed pathogen in to the body.

• The vaccines include quick multiplication of B and T-lymphocytes; some of them are stored as memory cells.
• The B-lymphocytes quickly produce antibodies, which neutralize the antigen during infection.

Lymph nodes are small solid structures located at different points along the lymphatic system. They serve to tray the microbes and other antigens. These antigens trapped in the lymph nodes are responsible for the activation of lymphocytes to cause the immune system.

D-Lysergic acid diethyl amide

Human immunodeficiency virus – HIV

Saliva and tear consists of lysozymes Lysosomes are enzyme which can digest the bacterial cell wall which helps to kill bacteria.

Techniques of molecular biology can be applied to detect genes in individuals with inherited susceptibility to certain cancers. Identification of such genes, which predispose individuals to certain cancers may be helpful in prevention of cancer, such individuals are advised to avoid exposure to particular carcinogens to which they may be susceptible.

Health is affected by

(i) genetic disorders:-

the defects, deficiencies that are inherited from parents due to defective genes.

(ii) Infections caused by pathogens.

(iii) Life styles which includes

• Food and water (eating habits)
• Rest and exercise to the body
• Habits like drugs, alcohol etc.

These are mood altering drugs which selectively affect behaviour perception and mental activity of a person using them.

Prevention and Control :

• Avoid undue peer pressure.
• Education and counseling.
• Seeking help from parents and peers.
• Looking for danger signs.
• Seeking professional and medical help.

Addiction and Dependence :

Addiction is a psychological attachment to certain effects –such as euphoria and a temporary feeling of well-being – associated with drugs and alcohol. 

Withdrawal syndrome : if regular dose of drugs/alcohol is abruptly discontinued. This is characterised by anxiety, shakiness, nausea and sweating, which may be relieved when use is resumed again. 

Cell mediate immune response is effected by T-lymphocyte. These are two types of T- lymphocytes.

• Cytotoxic or killer T- cells, which kill the antigens in a variety of mechanisms.
• Helper T-cells slimulate the B-lymphocyte to produce antibodies. This immunity is responsible for rejection of transplants.

Sports persons become addicted to cocaine because.

• Cocaine has a potent stimulating action on central nervous system.
• It produces a sense of euphoria and increased energy for performance.

• Cannabinoids affect the cardio vascular system.
• They cause addiction and when the regular dose is not taken, there are unpleasant one term with drawl symptom, which may be life threatening.
• The person shows reckless behaviour vandatism and violence
• Excess does can lead to coma and death due to heart failure cerebral hemorrhage etc

Addiction is the state of giving up to a drug, alcohol or tobacco due to becoming physically, physiologically and psychologically attached to its certain effects like euphoria and temporary feeling of well being.

Yes. This can be avoided by

• Choosing good peer group.
• Discussing ways and means to counteract the presence if any with family elders and teacher/counsellors 
• Telling the programme of outing to family. 
• Keeping contact with family while outside the home.

Warning signals of drug abuse:

Aggressive and rebellious behaviour Loss of appetite Lack of interest in personal hygiene Drop in academic performance Change in sleeping and eating habits .

Morphine is obtained from the plant Papaver somniferum (poppy plant).

It is an opioid that binds to specific receptors in the central nervous system and gastro intestinal tract and slows down the body function.

Immunity is a natural or acquired ‘resistance of an individual to the development of pathological condition even after having received infective dose of virulent pathogen its taxis or an allergies.

When drugs are taken for a purpose other than their normal clinical use and in amounts concentrations or frequency that impairs one’s physical, physiological and psychological functions, it constitute drug abuse.

• Addicts show reckless behaviour vandalism and violence. Self-confidence lost
• Neural and neuromuscular junctions are effected.
• Addiction disturbs peristalsis and secretion of digestive enzymes.
• Disturbs digestive and nervous systems leads to frequent nausea and vomiting. 
• Effects on cardiovascular system.
• Damage to liver causes cirrhosis. 
• Insufficiency develops in reproductive system.

• Used as selective
• Used as painkiller especially in patients who have undergone surgery.

B-lymphocytes, T-lymphocytes.

Interferon are the proteins produced by virus infected cells in our body.

• Phylum – Nemathelminthes
• disease:- Elephantiasis (filaria)

Multiple sclerosis.

Amoebiasis, malaria, Kalaazar

Because they cause damage to the host body by living inside the body of host.

(a) Amoebiases – Family disposal of faecal matter causing contamination of drinking water and food. Houseflies and air current transport cysts Pet animals.

(b) Malaria – Female Anopheles inject sporozoites along with saliva

(c) Ascariasis – Food particles, dirty hands, taps, soaps etc., by faecal

(d) Pneumonia – Droplets and aerosols of infected person.

Disease is the condition when the functions of one or more organs/systems of the body are adversely affected by various symptoms.

Polymorpho- nuclear leucocytes.

Ring  worms.

The rapid growth of cancerous tumour causes overcrowding and disruption of normal cells. It extends to neighbouring tissues. In the last stage, bits of tumour tissue break off and are carried by the circulating blood or lymphs to other parts of the body, where they invade new tissues and start new tumors called secondary tumors. This property is called metastasis. It is fated due to increasing interference with the body’s life processes.

Control of insect vector :

• Avoiding stagnation of water in and around residential areas, regular cleaning of household coolers, 
• use of mosquito nets 
• introducing fishes like Gambusia in ponds that feed on mosquito larvae, 
• spraying of insecticides in ditches, drainage areas and swamps, etc.  
• doors and windows should be provided with wire mesh to prevent the entry of mosquitoes.