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The correct answer is  (B) fatty acids and glycerol

The layer marked in the diagram represents glandular epithelium of mucosa. 

Significance of the glandular epiihelium of mucosa: 

Goblet cells of the epithelial layer of a mucous membrane secrete mucus which lubricates the lumen of the alimentary canal. This helps in movement of food through the gastrointestinal tract.

1. When old and worn out red blood cells are destroyed by macrophages in liver, the globin portion of hemoglobin is split off and heme is converted to biliverdin. 

2. Most of this biliverdin is converted to bilirubin, which gives bile its major pigmentation.

1. Pancreas can be kept healthy by:

• Eating proper balanced and low-fat diet, with plenty of whole grains, fruits and vegetables. 
• Regular exercise and maintaining a healthy weight. 
• Limiting alcohol consumption and avoid smoking. 
• Adequate intake of water. 
• Regular checkups. 

2. The pancreas is a gland that secretes digestive enzymes and insulin which is needed for a person to survive. 

3. Without pancreas the person will develop diabetes and will have to take insulin for the rest of the life. 

4. Without pancreas the body’s ability to absorb nutrients also decreases. Hence, though a person can survive without pancreas he may have to remain dependent on the medicines for survival.

The correct answer is (C) Delta

1. Indigestion: 

• Overeating, inadequate enzyme secretion, spicy food, anxiety can cause discomfort and various symptoms. It is called indigestion.
• Improperly digested food or food poisoning also can cause indigestion.
• It leads to loss of appetite, acidity (acid reflux), heart burn, regurgitation, dyspepsia (upper abdominal pain), stomach pain.
• Avoiding eating large meal, lying down after meal, spicy, oily, junk food, smoking, alcohol are the.preventive measures for indigestion. 

2. Constipation: 

• When frequency of defaecation is reduced to less than once per week the condition is called constipation. 
• Difficulty in defaecation may result in abdominal pain distortion, rarely perforation. 
• The causes are, affected colonic mobility due to neurological dysfunction like spinal cord injury, low fibre diet, inadequate fluid intake and inactivity. 
• Roughage, sufficient fluids in diet, exercise can help improve the conditions. 

3. Vomiting: 

• In this condition, the stomach contents are thrown out of the mouth due to reverse peristaltic movements of gastric wall. 
• It is controlled by non-vital vomiting center of medulla. 
• It is typically associated with nauseatic feeling.

i. goblet cells. 

ii. Succus entericus. 

iii. hepato-pancreatic.

1. Undigested waste is converted to faeces in colon and reaches rectum.

2. Faeces contain water, inorganic salts, sloughed of mucosal cells, bacteria and undigested food. 

3. Distension of rectum stimulates pressure sensitive receptors that initiate a neural reflex for defecation or egestion. 

4. It is a voluntary process that takes place through anal opening guarded by sphincter muscles.

i. Hunger hormone is also called Ghrelin. 

ii. It is hormone that is produced mainly by the stomach and small intestine, pancreas and brain. 

iii. It stimulates appetite, increases food intake and promotes fat storage.

Intestinal juice, bile juice and pancreatic juice.

The correct answer is  (D) Goblet cells

The amount of heat liberated by complete combustion of lg food in a bomb calorimeter is termed as gross calorific (gross energy) value.

Energy content of food in animals is expressed in terms of Heat Energy.

• Undernourished: When supply of nutrients is less than the minimum amount of nutrients or food required for good health is called undernourished.
• Over-nourished: The intake of nutrients is excessive. In over-nourished the amount of nutrients exceeds the amount required for normal growth. 
• Malnourished: Malnourished is a condition where a person’s diet does not contain right amount of nutrients.

The correct answer is (D) Acinar

The correct answer is (B) liver

The correct answer is (A) I 2/2, C 1/1, PM 2/2, M 3/3

The correct answer is (C) appendix

1. The child is suffering from Marasmus. 

2. The probable reason for the disease is Prolonged Protein Energy Malnutrition (PEM). This may cause if mother’s milk is replaced too early with foods having low protein content and calorific value. 

3. Diet with adequate proteins and proper calorific value should be given to the infants.

The correct answer is (A) protein deficiency not accompanied by calorie deficiency 

1. In the small intestine, intestinal juice, bile juice and pancreatic juice are mixed with food. Peristaltic movements of muscularis layer help in proper mixing of digestive juices with chyme.

2. Bile juice and pancreatic juice are poured in duodenum through hepatopancreatic duct. 

3. Bile salts present in the bile juice neutralize the acidic chyme and make it alkaline. II brings about emulsification of fats. 

4. Pancreatic juices are secreted by pancreas whereas the intestinal mucosa secretes digestive enzymes. The goblet cells produce mucus.

5. The intestinal juice contains various enzymes like dipeptidases, lipases, disaccharidases, maltase, sucrase and lactase. 

6. Both pancreatic and intestinal lipases initially convert fats into fatty acid and diglycerides. 

7. Diglycerides are further converted to monoglycerides by removal of fatty acid from glycerol. 

8. The mucus and bicarbonates present in pancreatic juice protect the intestinal mucosa and provide alkaline medium for enzymatic action. 

9. Sub-mucosal Brunner’s glands help in the action of goblet cells. 

10. Most of the digestion gets over in small intestine.

Proenzymes are synthesized in cells as an inactive precursor that undergo some modification before becoming catalytically active. 

The various proenzymes involved in process of digestion are as follows:

• Pepsinogen: Pepsinogen when converted into its active form pepsin acts on proteins to form peptones and proteoses. 
• Trypsinogen: Trypsinogen when converted to it active form trypsin converts proteins, proteoses and peptones to polypeptides. 
• Chymotrypsinogen: Chymotrypsinogen when converted to active form chymotrypsin it converts polypeptides to dipeptides.

The correct answer is (C) bile

93,783 children have been diagnosed with severe acute malnutrition and 5.7 lakh with moderate acute malnutrition in Maharashtra. 

Steps taken by government to overcome malnutrition: 

1. Promotion of infant and young child feeding practices. 

2. Management of malnutrition at community and facility level by trained service providers. 

3. Treatment of children with severe acute malnutrition at special units called the Nutrition Rehabilitation Centres (NRCs), set up at public health facilities. 

4. A special program to combat micronutrient deficiencies of Vitamin A, Iron and Folic acid. 

5. The initiatives like Mother and Child protection card, village health and nutrition days, are taken by the government for addressing the nutrition concerns in children, pregnant women and lactating mothers.

Various NCOs working in this field: 

1. Akshay Patra 

2. Fight Hunger Foundation, 

3. Feeding India, 

4. No Hungry child

The correct answer is (C) bile

The correct answer is (A) kwashiorkor

The correct answer is (B) intestinal juice

Protein Energy malnutrition (PEM): 

• Protein Energy Malnutrition is caused due to inadequate intake of proteins. 
• It can be associated with inadequacy of vitamins and minerals in diet.
• PEM causes disease like Kwashiorkor and Marasmus.

Deglutition consists of three phases: oral phase, pharyngeal phase and oesophagal phase. The oral phase is voluntary whereas the pharyngeal and oesophagal phases are involuntary