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Departmental stores, discount stores, supermarkets, warehouse – stores, malls and E retailers are some forms of retail trading.

Films, radio, television and media are some of the audio-visual modes of communication.

The periodic movement of a population from any region or climate zone to another region or zone in search of food or employment in accordance with certain time cycle is called human’s seasonal migration.

There is more presence of subject experts, decision-makers, advisers and policyframers in developed economies. Since this condition is helpful in the development of any nation, the importance of pentanary occupation is more.

India’s Indus valley civilisation, China’s Hwang – Ho river – valley civilisation, Nile valley civilisation in Egypt and Mesopotamian civilisation between Dajla – Farat rivers developed along with development of agricultural activities.

Correct Answer is: (c) Agriculture

(b) Ancient period

Correct Answer is: (d) 5

In secondary occupations, naturally available resources are not used directly, instead these are refined and converted into more useful and valuable things. Since naturally obtained resources are refined by extra effects, so both natural and cultural factors bear influence in ascertaining secondary occupations. 

The factors ascertaining secondary occupations are:

1. raw materials 

2. energy sources 

3. transportation and Communications facilities 

4. capital 

5. government policies 

6. labour force 

7. market 

8. technological innovation

Early man survived by hunting wild animals and by using forest products. In those days, availability of food was always uncertain, early man had to roam in search of food. So, he was a wanderer. Gradually, with intellectual development, man began to rear useful animals and to live in groups. In order to get fodder for his animals, he started adopting seasonal migration. His basic needs began to be fulfilled through animal products. Agriculture inspired man for making permanent residence.

Economic progress accelerated with discoveries and technological growth during Renaissance period. Economic activities like mining and industry expanded after discovery of fossil fuel in 18th century. With development in trade and industry, a variety of services also started. In this way, human occupations developed in sequential order which can be divided into following parts:

1. Pre – historic Age: In this period, man was in the primitive state and hunted wild animals with sharp stones and gathered root – tubers from forests. During this period, dogs helped him in hunting. Gradually man started rearing animals for milk, meat, skin, wool, etc. He was still a wanderer in the course of time. He invented agriculture which motivated him for permanent settlement. In the Neolithic period (new – stone – age) he invented the wheel and the art of making earthen utensils.

2. Ancient Period: In this period, stability and permanency came into human life with the progress in economic activities. Availability of food became easier. Man started using his spare time in developing other arts and so the metals like iron, copper and bronze were invented which were used for making weapons and other useful things.

He also learnt to irrigate his crops and to plough the field with the help of bullocks and harrow. In this period, civilizations like Mohanjodaro and Harappa developed in the valley of Indus river in around 2500 BC. The Pyramids of Egypt are the indicators of technical development of this period. Along with agriculture, cottage industries also developed rapidly during this period.

3. Medieval Period: Human occupations became more diversified in this period between 600 to 1500 CE. Feudal and Jagirdari systems were prevalent in this age. Large cities developed due to development of education, trade and culture. Commodities were exchanged in trade. Agricultural products were supplied in urban areas and manufactured products were sent to villages. In this period, India led the world trade, agriculture, cottage industry and commerce and was known as “Golden Bird.”

4. Modern Age: The period after 15th century is considered to be modern age. Human occupations reached at their zenith during this period. Modern advanced human occupations emerged due to technological development, discoveries and inventions. During this age, man came to be engaged in secondary tertiary, quaternary and pentanary occupations. Due to using advanced technology in primary occupations, industrial revolution occurred in this period on account of obtaining energy from various sources. Various types of products started to be manufactured at large scale.

Correct Answer is: (a) Primary occupation

In the world, plantation agriculture is mainly done in Madagascar island group, coastal regions of Brazil, and Western coastal regions of South America.

This type of agriculture is performed in Steppes of Eurasia, Prairies of North America, Pampas of Argentina, Veldts of Africa, and Canterbury regions of New Zealand.

India, Bangladesh, Pakistan, China, Central Japan and Indo – China regions are included in the major regions of life subsistence agriculture in the world.

Commercial pastures are mainly found in New Zealand, Australia, Uruguay and United States of America.

Man undertakes various activities to satisfy his need.

Singapore, Japan’s Osaka – ICobe zone, Shanghai and Lachau areas in China and Haldia, Kolkata – Haldia, Coimbatore – Selam, Mumbai and Pune in India. Manchester and Lancashire regions in Britain, Dusseldorf, Duisburg, Dartmund regions in Germany and Detroit and Ottawa regions in North America are the major regions of manufacturing industries in the world.

Activities undertaken by man are classified on the basis of their nature and the products they yield.

The Pyramids of Egypt are the indicators of excellence (Progress) of the ancient times.

Man is an active and wise creature who performs many activities while being influenced by physical and cultural environments. Since these environments are different in different regions, so human economic activities also change along with the changes in region.

Economic activities done by man have been changing since the pre – historic age to upto the present. The means of earning human livelihood and economic activities are classified into five categories. The classification has been done on the basis of increasing distance from land and its natural resources.

1. Primary Occupations: The occupations in which man directly uses naturally recurring resources like – land, water, vegetation and minerals to fulfil his needs are known as primary occupations. These types of occupations are directly associated with the status of natural environment. These occupations involve production of food and raw materials, hunting, gathering forestry products, agriculture, fishing, wood cutting, animal husbandry, mining, etc. are primary occupations.

2. Secondary Occupations: Instead of being used directly in secondary occupations, naturally available resources are first of all refined and converted into more useful and valuable products. Secondary occupations include manufacturing, processing and production activities. Making steel from iron ore, flour from wheat, cotton textile from ’cotton, sugar from sugarcane, furniture and paper from wood are some of fine examples of secondary occupations.

3. Tertiary Occupations: All personal and commercial direct servies to communities are included in tertiary occupations. It is also known as “Service Category”. Following are the examples of this type of occupation:

• Transportation 
• trade and commerce 
• communications 
• all the services including banking, insurance, tourism, etc.,

4. Quaternary Occupations: This class is related to information based and research and development based services. Jean Gottman includes intangible (indirect) services in the category of quaternary occupations. More than half of workers in developed countries are employed in these knowledge based occupations. Information, researches and inventions, hospitals, theatre, accounts work, governance, legal and technical advisors are the examples of quaternary occupations.

5. Pentanary Occupations: Pentanary or fifth level occupations include those services which are focussed on creation of new contemporary ideas and explanation of their re – organisaton, explanation of data and their application and evaluation of new technology. These occupations are also the sub-classes of tertiary occupations, in which subject specialists, decision makers, consultants and policy makers are included.

Raw materials supplied to the industries are often obtained from nature.

The time period of medieval age is between 600 AD and 1500 AD.

The Wheel was discovered in Neolithic age (New – stone – era).

(c) Transportation

i. The animals, cows and buffaloes are grazing in the pasture, i.e. land covered with grass and other low plants.

ii. Milk is being obtained in picture B.

iii. Milk is being filled for storage and sold at the milk collection centre.

iv. Milk is being transported to the milk processing centre. The tanker is on the truck.

v. Curd, ghee, butter, cheese and shrikhand are the products seen in picture E and these products have been made from milk.

vi. In picture E, person is testing the quality of the prepared milk products.

vii. I use all the products shown in picture F as milk products are high on nutrients and good for health.

viii. Milk is a beverage obtained from nature, directly from different animals. While milk products are obtained by processing milk into different products.

ix. No, they have a longer life unlike milk.

The period after 15th century to uptill present is called modern age.

• To test the quality of a product, a person must have some special skills.
• This service is not an ordinary one but the one which requires special expertise.
• Such services which requires special skills and expertise are called quaternary occupations.

I live in Maharashtra and occupations like textile manufacture, manufacture of sugar, pharmaceutical, petrochemicals, electronics, automobiles, engineering services, food processing, etc. are practiced here.

Correct Answer is: (b) secondary

Quaternary occupations are occupations which require special knowledge, skills and expertise. This sectorevolves in well-developed countries and requires skilled workforce apart from sufficient money to invest in fields like IT, research and development, quality testing, etc.

Information technology, research, management, education, healthcare and security are included in quaternary occupations.

Correct Answer is: (c) trade

i.

i. Sugarcane is the raw material used in the secondary occupation.

ii. Sugar is the finished product obtained in the secondary occupation.

iii. Transport of sugarcane, sacks of sugar being carried and sales of goods are the services in tertiary occupations.

iv. Picture G is related to a quaternary occupation. The occupation is quality testing.

• Rearing of domestic animals.
• Obtaining milk and selling milk.
• Processing milk at milk processing centre.
• Making ghee, butter, cheese, shrikhand, paneer, milk powder, etc.
• Selling milk products in the market.

i. Bangladesh.

ii. Turkey.

iii. United Arab Emirates.

iv. Turkey.

Milk is being processed, obtained from nature and made it into different products. These products are more durable. Their quality its enhanced and therefore their price is higher.

Plumbers, electricans, shop – keepers, doctors, advocates etc. are related to tertiary occupations.

Transportation, trade, communication, commerce, entertainment, banking, insurance, tourism etc. are tertiary occupations.

I belong to a big village Baswa at Bandikui section in district Dausa of Rajasthan. Total population of this village is 1932, out of which 1080 are dependent. Remaining 852 people are considered working population. 530 people are engaged in primary occupation and are doing agricuture, collection of milk and collection of forest products. 200 people are engaged in secondary occupation. They do carpentary, iron work, dairy production, shopkeeping, butchering etc. Remaining 122 people are engaged in tertiary, and quaternary occupations like teaching, production, transportation etc.

Hunting, gathering forest products, agriculture, fishing, wood cutting, animal husbandry, mining, etc. are some examples of primary occupations.

Primary occupations are those occupations which depend directly upon nature. In primary occupations, man directly uses the resources like land, water, vegetation and minerals to satisfy his needs. These occupations are directly related to the state of natural environment. These occupations involve production of food and raw materials.

Most of primary occupations are symbolic of simple, traditional and primitive economic and social structure. Man has been involved for 95% of time with primary occupations since beginning. Hunting, gathering different forestry products, agriculture, animal husbandry, mining are all primary occupations.

All primary occupations are symbolic of simple, traditional and primitive economic and social structure. The distribution of people engaged in primary occupations across the globe, is unequal. In developed countries, less than 5 per cent of population is engaged in primary activities. While in developing countries, these activities provide employment to a large part of labour force. Primary activities are very important because these provide food to human beings and raw material to industries. Right from the existence of man, primary activities have nurtured man for more than 95% time period.

Hunting and gathering forest produce are seen mainly in north Siberian region of Asia, Norway, Sweden, Alaska, Canada and western areas of Australia.

Advantageous location of Maharashtra, progressive government policies, availability of raw material, i.e. sugarcane, good infrastructure and above all the ownership given to farmers in sugar factories are the reasons why this occupation is practiced on a large scale.

Development of industries, availability of technical know-how and skilled manpower, existing labour laws and government policies pertaining to occupations development of infrastructure are the human factors that affect occupations. Climate, terrain of a region, fertility of soil, susceptibility to natural calamities, availability of raw materials, etc. are the natural factors which affect occupations.

Pollution of the environment in all its form – air, water, soil and land, deforestation, soil erosion, depletion of the ozone layer, etc. are some of the damages caused due to different occupations practiced.

While practicing occupations we should be careful not be cause of hazardous air emissions, land contamination leading to soil pollution, marine and coastal pollution caused due to untreated waste water, etc. Sustainable development, let us remember should be the need of the hour.

i.1. Butter

2. Cheese

ii.1. Cow 

2. Buffalo

• The occupations which provide complementary services to the other two occupations, i.e., primary and secondary occupations are tertiary occupations.
• These occupations are complementary i.e., supportive to all other occupations.
• These occupations are called as service occupation e.g., transport of goods, loading and unloading of goods and sale of goods, etc.

Quaternary occupations requires special skills and expertise.