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They are A, B, AB and O.

They are A, B, AB and O.

Morawitz in 1905.

Morawitz in 1905.

It is a LARGE COMPLEX molecule. It is synthesized in the developing red cells and has an IRON containing complex called HAEM.

It is a large complex molecule. It is synthesized in the developing red cells and has an iron containing complex called haem.

The clotting of BLOOD OUTSIDE the BODY is called COAGULATION.

The clotting of blood outside the body is called coagulation.

They are PRODUCED from the BONE MARROW.

They are produced from the bone marrow.

They are small non-nucleated oval or ROUND cells. They are CAPABLE of sticking together and prevents bleeding by forming a physical BARRIER.

They are small non-nucleated oval or round cells. They are capable of sticking together and prevents bleeding by forming a physical barrier.

These are nucleated cells some of which are CAPABLE of AMOEBOID movement. They are PRESENT in normal blood in SMALLER numbers than red cells. Their main functions is to act as one of the BODY’s defences.

These are nucleated cells some of which are capable of amoeboid movement. They are present in normal blood in smaller numbers than red cells. Their main functions is to act as one of the body’s defences.

These cells are seen under microscope as non nucleated, pale greenish-yellow, binocave discs. Its PRIMARY FUNCTION is to transport oxygen from the lungs, via heart to the tissues. They normally survive in the BLOOD stream for 120 days.

These cells are seen under microscope as non nucleated, pale greenish-yellow, binocave discs. Its primary function is to transport oxygen from the lungs, via heart to the tissues. They normally survive in the blood stream for 120 days.

parathyroid

parathyroid

SICKLE CELL ANAEMIA.

Sickle cell Anaemia.

BLOOD CONSIST of Plasma, erythrocytes (red blood CELLS), leukocyte (white blood cells) and thrombocytes (PLATELETS).

Blood consist of Plasma, erythrocytes (red blood cells), leukocyte (white blood cells) and thrombocytes (platelets).

23 PAIRS, ONE of each pair derived from FATHER and the other from the MOTHER.

23 pairs, one of each pair derived from father and the other from the mother.

They are SMALL thread-like bodies which are seen WITHIN nucleus, during CELL DIVISION.

They are small thread-like bodies which are seen within nucleus, during cell division.

The nucleus CONTAINS most of the genetic MATERIAL of the CELL. It is bounded by two membranes each rather SIMILARLY to cytoplasmic membranes.

The nucleus contains most of the genetic material of the cell. It is bounded by two membranes each rather similarly to cytoplasmic membranes.

A cell is a mass of PROTOPLASM enclosed WITHIN a MEMBRANE CONTAINING a SUBDIVISION, the nucleus.

A cell is a mass of protoplasm enclosed within a membrane containing a subdivision, the nucleus.

HISTOLOGY is the microscopic STUDY of normal tissues of the BODY and HISTOPATHOLOGY is the microscopic study of tissues which are AFFECTED by disease.

Histology is the microscopic study of normal tissues of the body and Histopathology is the microscopic study of tissues which are affected by disease.

They are beri-beri, SCURVY, RICKETS and NIGHT BLINDNESS.

They are beri-beri, scurvy, rickets and night blindness.

Hormones

Hormones

Iron is the necessary for the formation of cytochromes that is INVOLVED in tissue OXIDATION. It is very ESSENTIAL for the formation of Haemoglobin.

Iron is the necessary for the formation of cytochromes that is involved in tissue oxidation. It is very essential for the formation of Haemoglobin.

POTASSIUM is ESSENTIAL component of all cells. It is ALSO necessary for all the activity of CARDIAC, skeletal and smooth muscles.

Potassium is essential component of all cells. It is also necessary for all the activity of cardiac, skeletal and smooth muscles.

Sodium is present MAINLY in TISSUE FLUIDS and THEREFORE play an important role in CELL activity and in the fluid balance of the body.

Sodium is present mainly in tissue fluids and therefore play an important role in cell activity and in the fluid balance of the body.

phosphate COMBINES with CALCIUM in the formation of bone and teeth and it HELPS to MAINTAIN the NORMAL composition of body fluids.

phosphate combines with calcium in the formation of bone and teeth and it helps to maintain the normal composition of body fluids.

It is the chief constituen of teeth and bones. It is ABSORBED in the small INTESTINE in the FORM of Vitamin-D. It PLAYS an IMPORTANT part in the coagulation o fblood and in contraction of muscles.

It is the chief constituen of teeth and bones. It is absorbed in the small intestine in the form of Vitamin-D. It plays an important part in the coagulation o fblood and in contraction of muscles.

They are NECESSARY in the diet for all BODY porcesses. Only a samll amount is NEEDED.

They are necessary in the diet for all body porcesses. Only a samll amount is needed.

Vitamin-D

Vitamin-D

Vitamin-B1 (THIAMINE), Vitamin-B2 (Riboflavine), Nicotinamide, Vitamin-B6 (Pyridoxine), Pantothenic acid, BIOTIN, FOLIC acid (Pteroylglutamic acid), Vitamin-B12&VitaminS

Vitamin-B1 (Thiamine), Vitamin-B2 (Riboflavine), Nicotinamide, Vitamin-B6 (Pyridoxine), Pantothenic acid, Biotin, Folic acid (Pteroylglutamic acid), Vitamin-B12&VitaminS

VITAMIN A. Vitamin-D (CALCIFEROL), Vitamin-E (TOCOPHEROL) and Vitamin K.

Vitamin A. Vitamin-D (Calciferol), Vitamin-E (Tocopherol) and Vitamin K.

VITAMIN A

Vitamin A

There are TWO GROUPS of VITAMINS Fat-soluble vitamins and water-soluble vitamins.

There are two groups of vitamins Fat-soluble vitamins and water-soluble vitamins.

They are organic compounds essential for life, HEALTH and growth. They are not eaten such as in the DIET, but are WIDELY DISPERSED in the FOOD.

They are organic compounds essential for life, health and growth. They are not eaten such as in the diet, but are widely dispersed in the food.

Fat is important in the diet not only for its high ENERGY, but also it CONTAINS the fat SOLUBLE vitamins A,D,E and K and certain essential fatty acids.

Fat is important in the diet not only for its high energy, but also it contains the fat soluble vitamins A,D,E and K and certain essential fatty acids.

They are ALBUMIN, GLOBULIN, GLUTEN, gliadin, scleroprotein, protamine and HISTONE.

They are albumin, globulin, gluten, gliadin, scleroprotein, protamine and histone.

Protein.

Protein.

They are essential for the repair of the BODY tissue, the MAINTENANCE of the somatic EQUILIBRIUM between blood and tissue fluids and for providing energy and heat when there is an insufficient SUPPLY of CARBOHYDRATES.

They are essential for the repair of the body tissue, the maintenance of the somatic equilibrium between blood and tissue fluids and for providing energy and heat when there is an insufficient supply of carbohydrates.

Proteins are complex compounds CONTAINING compounds containing carbon, OXYGEN, nitrogen, sulphur and phosphorus. They are OBTAINED mainly from MEATS, eggs, milk, cheese fish, cereals and CERTAIN vegetables.

Proteins are complex compounds containing compounds containing carbon, oxygen, nitrogen, sulphur and phosphorus. They are obtained mainly from meats, eggs, milk, cheese fish, cereals and certain vegetables.

They are MONOSACCHARIDES, DISACCHARIDES and POLYSACCHARIDES.

They are monosaccharides, disaccharides and polysaccharides.

In the body they are UTILIZED to provide energy and heat, and help to MAINTAIN the normal BLOOD glucose LEVEL.

In the body they are utilized to provide energy and heat, and help to maintain the normal blood glucose level.

They CONSIST of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen. They are FOUND in sugar, JAMS, cereals, bread, potatoes, fruit, vegetables and milk.

They consist of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen. They are found in sugar, jams, cereals, bread, potatoes, fruit, vegetables and milk.

The FIVE ACTIVITIES are ingestion, secretion, digestion, ABSORPTION and elimination.

The five activities are ingestion, secretion, digestion, absorption and elimination.

The hiccups occur when the diaphragm and the muscles between the RIBS SUDDENLY contract. This CAUSES a sharp, uncontrollable, inhalation of air, which is unable to reach the LUNGS because of the muscles SPASM has closed the windpipe.

The hiccups occur when the diaphragm and the muscles between the ribs suddenly contract. This causes a sharp, uncontrollable, inhalation of air, which is unable to reach the lungs because of the muscles spasm has closed the windpipe.

The HORMONE is INVOLVED in water REGULATION is ADH or Antidiuretic hormone RELEASED by the posterior PITUITARY.

The hormone is involved in water regulation is ADH or Antidiuretic hormone released by the posterior pituitary.

They are 1) GROWTH hormone(Somatotrophic-harmone) 2) adrenocarticotrophic hormone (ACTH) 3)Thyrotropin STIMULATING hormone (TSH) 4) Prolactin (Lactogenic hormone) (FSH) and Luteinizing hormone (LH)

They are 1) growth hormone(Somatotrophic-harmone) 2) adrenocarticotrophic hormone (ACTH) 3)Thyrotropin stimulating hormone (TSH) 4) Prolactin (Lactogenic hormone) (FSH) and Luteinizing hormone (LH)

Hormones

Hormones

The pituitary has three LOBES:

1. Anterior pituitary
2. The mid LOBE of the pituitary
3. Posterior pituitary

The pituitary has three lobes:

It is often described as the master GLAND or the leader of the endocrine ORCHESTRA. It is reddish in colour, roughly OVAL in shape and is situated at the base of the brain.

It is often described as the master gland or the leader of the endocrine orchestra. It is reddish in colour, roughly oval in shape and is situated at the base of the brain.

The endocrine system ADJUST and CORRELATES the various ACTIVITIES of the BODY, making adjustment to the body system by the CHANGING demands of the external and internal environment.

The endocrine system adjust and correlates the various activities of the body, making adjustment to the body system by the changing demands of the external and internal environment.

In addition to giving shape and FIRMNESS to the body, it protects vital organs such as the BRAIN, the spinal CORD, the heart, and the lungs.

In addition to giving shape and firmness to the body, it protects vital organs such as the brain, the spinal cord, the heart, and the lungs.

It is MADE of BLOOD VESSELS and pigmented CELLS.

It is made of blood vessels and pigmented cells.

The OPTIC NERVE

The optic nerve

In astigmatism ONE cannot SEE with clarity, the horizontal and VERTICAL lines SIMULTANEOUSLY.

In astigmatism one cannot see with clarity, the horizontal and vertical lines simultaneously.