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Family Planning Welfare:

• Population control can effectively be done by using family planning technique. It is nowadays called “Family Welfare”.
• It involves the use of contraceptives and by making the public families aware of the methods of conceptions that they can decide when to give birth to young and what number they want.
• The various family planning methods are as follows:

1. Barrier Methods:

1.1. Condom:

• In this method, the process of fertilization between sperm and ovum is restricted using a physical barrier such as a condom. Condoms are barriers made up of rubber or latex sheath that are used to cover the penis in male and vagina in the female. This method is used to prevent semen from entering the female vagina.
• The use of condoms had increased since the last few years. For males, the brand “Nirodhi”, a condom is very popular.
• Use of condom also prevents sexually transmitted diseases such as AIDS besides preventing pregnancy.
• Both male and female condom has to be discarded after use. It can be used by an individual by its own and in this way, it can remain personal.

1.2. The diaphragm, Cervical Cap & Vault:

• The diaphragm, Uterus convex cap, vault, rings etc., are other contraceptives made of rubber and which are put into female reproductive tract to cover Uterus cervix and they stop the entry of sperm into the female tract.

1.3. Spermicidal:

• Spermicidal serum, jelly and foam are also used as contraceptive measures.

2. Intra-Uterine Device (IUD):

• Intra-uterine devices are small devices that are inserted into the uterus by doctors.
• Examples:
  1. Non-Medicated IUD – Lippes Loop.
  2. Copper Releasing IUD – Cut, Cu7, Multiload 375 etc.
  3. Hormone Releasing IUD – LNG 20, Protestant etc.
• These devices promote phagocytosis of sperms to prevent fertilization. They are used to delay pregnancy. Cut, Cu7 are devices containing copper. The release of copper ions inhibits the motility of sperms & fertilisation. These are considered as ideal contraceptives for females. IUD hormones prevent implantation in the uterus two children IUD is an ideal method. It is widely used in India.

3. Contraceptive Pills:

• These Pills are used as oral contraceptives. These pills contain small doses of estrogen or progesterone or a combination of both. These oral contraceptives should be taken for a period of 21 days.
• After a gap of 7 days, that is, at the time of menstruation, these pills should be avoided. After this gap, these pills should be taken again in the same pattern until and unless female desires conception or fertilization.
• Progesterone or combination with estrogen may also be given to females via injections. They work similarly to orally taken pills.
• Saheli is a new oral contraceptive without any steroids hormone. It contains a chemical called centchroman. It is higly effective contraceptive pill.
• Emergency pills Contain a chemical called Levenorgastril. This pill is to be taken after forced sex or unplanned sex within 72 hours. It prevents ovulation. It is also called a pill – 72.

4. Surgical methods:

• Surgical methods are also being used to control birth. These methods are also known as Surgical methods. 
• These methods are used to terminate any further pregnancy. 
• These methods block gamete transfer and thus prevent conception.

(i) Solar Energy, and 

(ii) %Water

The number of individuals belonging to different age groups is Age ratio.

(i) Minerals, and 

(ii) Fossil fuels

More than 10 million, 1000 million (1 billion) and 6 billion

The two reasons for the rapid increase in population in recent times are :

(i) The death rate in India has fallen down due to increased scientific and medical knowledge.

(ii) Improved standard of living due to increased food production and industrial development and education has brought about an increase in population.

1. Minerals are resources of Non-conventional energy.

2. The sign of family planning in India is Inverted Red triangle.

3. Pregnancy can be avoided by using Contraceptive pills.

The popular sign for the Family Planning and Welfare Centres in India is the inverted Red Triangle.

1. World population in 1994 was 5-6 billion.

2. Total population in India in 1999 was 100 million.

3. The population of whole of Asia beyond 2001 AD is expected to be 13 billion.

4. Another term for birth rate is Natality.

5. Population increases in Geometric ratio while food production increases in arithmetic ratio.

1. True

2. True

3. True

4. False, 

The sign of family planning and welfare in India is red triangle.

There will be increasing dependence on sources of energy other than coal and petroleum in the future because these two fossil fuels are non-renewable sources of energy and they are being consumed very quickly by the increasing human population. Further, man is trying to obtain energy from non-polluting sources of energy such as wind, hydroelectric power, etc., to prevent excessive pollution that is caused by the use of coal and petroleum.

Condom is used to cover the penis before coital activity.

The electronic media such as Radio and Television convey the message of family planning to the citizens everyday. The newspapers also provide the daily increase in the population of India to tell us about the danger and seriousness of population explosion.

A group of organisms of the same species living in a geographically localized area and capable of interbreeding is Population.

Population dynamics

1. True

2. False, 

Mortality is the number of deaths per thousand of population per year.

3. True

The cutting and ligation of vas deferens in males are Vasectomy.

No. of deaths per 1000 people per year is Mortality.

A census is.taken in India every ten years by the government to count the number of people in the country. The census is important to estimate the death rate and growth rate of the population of a country. A census is the counting of the existing population at a fixed time as regards name, age, sex, occupation, date of birth, matrimonial status, number of dependents in a family, race, religion, language spoken, residence etc.

Death rate is defined as the number of individuals eliminated from a population by death in a year per thousand population. It is also called mortality rate

The maximum number of individuals which an environment can support is called the carrying capacity. Available space, water, etc., determine it.

The addition of new individuals to the population from other localities is called Immigration.

Another term for birth rate is Natality.

The number of individuals belonging to different age groups is called age-ratio.

(i) 1. Vas deferens

2. Testis

3. Oviduct

4. Uterus

5. Ovary.

(ii) Diagram A depicts vasectomy in males (i.e., cutting and tying the vas deferens).

(iii) Diagram B depicts tubectomy in females (i.e., cutting and typing the oviducts).

(iv) ‘X’ represents the cut and tied end of vas deferens in male. Cutting and tying of vas deferens prevents the passage of sperms and avoids pregnancy. ‘Y’ represents the cut and tied ends of oviducts of female. Cutting and tying of oviducts prevents the passage of ovum and avoids pregnancy.

(v) Part 2 (Testis) produces sperms (male gametes).

Part 4 (Uterus) carries and protects the foetus till its birth.

IUD: Intrauterine device (IUD) placed in the uterine passage prevents the implantation of fertilized ovum. This checks pregnancy.

Natality: The number of offspring produced per unit of population is termed natality.

The estimation of human population by physically counting of individuals per unit area. The census Bureau physically verifies the number of persons living in each house.

Population density is the number of individuals per square kilometer (Km²) at any given time.

Father is biologically responsible for sex of the child. 

(a) Density-independent factors limit population growth

Population density is defined as the size of a population in relation to a particular unit area at a given time. Women are operated to prevent the flow of eggs into the oviduct by tubectomy.

The growth rate of population is the difference between birth rate and death rate. The growth rate of population can be negative when the death rate is higher than the birth rate of the population.

(i) Birth rate

(ii) Death rate

(iii) Emigration and immigration.

(a) Lag and exponential phases 

Contraceptives

A barrier method—the condom.

Non-barrier—the contraceptive pill.

Advantages of the condom include the fact that it is readily available, needs no medical supervision, can help reduce the transmission of venereal diseases. 

A disadvantage is that it is not the most reliable method. 

Advantages of the contraceptive pill are that it is highly reliable if taken according to instructions and that a woman can take responsibility for her own fertility. 

A disadvantage is that it should be taken under medical supervision as there is a small risk of side effects.

Emigration is the decrease in the population due to the movement of organisms outside an area.

Immigration refers to the addition of individuals to a population while emigration refers to the decrease in a population due to the outgoing population of individuals.

(1) Most of rural population which forms the bulk of our society are illiterate, ignorant and superstitious.

(2) Children are considered to be the helping hand to increase the family income.

1. Emigration

2. Progestins

3. IUD

4. Industry

In developed countries both death-rate and birth-rate are low due to better medical facilities and family planning methods.

Contraceptive Pills:

• These Pills are used as oral contraceptives. These pills contain small doses of estrogen or progesterone or a combination of both. These oral contraceptives should be taken for a period of 21 days.
• After a gap of 7 days, that is, at the time of menstruation, these pills should be avoided. After this gap, these pills should be taken again in the same pattern until and unless female desires conception or fertilization.
• Progesterone or combination with estrogen may also be given to females via injections. They work similarly to orally taken pills.
• Saheli is a new oral contraceptive without any steroids hormone. It contains a chemical called centchroman. It is a highly effective contraceptive pill.
• Emergency pills Contain a chemical called Levenorgastril. This pill is to be taken after forced sex or unplanned sex within 72 hours. It prevents ovulation. It is also called a pill – 72.

The answer is (b) 17.85%

The study of population is referred to as Demography.  

The answer is (d) Steroid pill

The answer is (a) Malthus

(b) The increase in birth rate and decrease in death rate

Medical discoveries such as antibiotics and vaccinations have resulted in the decrease of death rate resulting in a corresponding rise in growth rate which leads to an increase in population.