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The answer is (b) Decrease in future

At present human population is checked by disease, death due to old age, wars, epidemics, natural calamities such as earthquakes and floods and also by family planning methods.

Population growth in animals exhibits a fixed pattern which can be exhibited by a population growth graph. The population growth graph is drawn between population size and time.

Three steps by which the increasing human population can be controlled, are:

(i) Family Planning: There can be a decrease in birth rate by voluntary family planning aided by incentives.

The methods include sterilization, use of contraceptives, use of pills, drugs and abortions.

(ii) Education of the people about small family norms and its benefits.

(iii) Raising the age of marriage to 18 in girls and 21 among boys.

Population density

The needs to control population are:

(i) The number of people are increasing in geometrical progression.

(ii) It is leading to great economic pressure on the parents which is affecting their quality of life.

(iii) There is struggle for existence.

(iv) Proper medical facilities are not available.

The poorer and lower classes of people feel that children will be able to supplement the income of the parents by working. The more children, the more will be the income of the family. Infant mortality is very high among the poor people because the mother do not receive prenatal and antenatal care. Further, many children die at an early age. This high infant mortality causes many of the poor to have more children so that some of them may survive.

The main disadvantages are:

(i) The children are not able to get good variety and proper quantity of food resulting in malnutrition and deficiency diseases.

(ii) The mother will have poor health for which she can’t look after the children properly.

(iii) There will be a high economic pressure on father’s income.

(iv) The children won’t get proper education and medical facilities due to lack of money.

(v) The problem of houses which are not well-ventilated or properly cleaned where the growing children will have the ill health.

The benefits of having a small family are :

(i) Basic needs like food, clothing, shelter, education, etc., will be satisfied more easily in a small family.

(ii) Children can get better education. Parents can often be able to provide higher education for the children.

(iii) Children will be healthy—physically and mentally.

(iv) Parents can take better care of the children in a small, well-planned family.

Family planning has often failed in the rural villages and countryside because of:

(i) The lack of transportation and hence communication of family planning methods.

(ii) There is a-low educational level.

(iii) The people still follow traditional, cultural and religious beliefs and superstitions.

(iv) The villagers also feel that with more children family income will increase which will help in the survival of family.

(v) The people of the rural areas often fail to precisely follow the methods of birth control.

(i) With the grow ing number of people there is insufficient food as growth in population is in geometric progression whereas increase in food production is in arithmetic progression. 

(ii) There is a corresponding lack of housing, recreational facilities, clinics and hospitals to cope with the ever-increasing population. 

(iii) There is limited land for factories and industries so there is unemployment due to ever- increasing population.

A statistical study of human population of a region is Demography.