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Correct Answer is: (c) IgA

Fallopian tubes, Uterus and Vagina.

The reproductive system has four main functions namely, 

1. to produce the gametes namely sperms and ova 

2. to transport and sustain these gametes 

3. to nurture the developing offspring 

4. to produce hormones

Correct option is c. Epididymis

(I) It is responsible for storage and transport of sperms. It provides secretions for motility and nourishment of sperms.

(II) It helps the sperm to enter into the cytoplasm of the ovum through the zona pellucida and provides enzymes for fertilisation.

1. Seminal plasma is alkaline in nature. 

2. It contains fructose, ascorbic acid, prostaglandins and a coagulating enzyme called „ vesiculase.

The accessory glands of a male reproductive system secrete a fluid mixture called seminal plasma. It is rich in fructose, calcium and certain enzymes.

Correct Answer is: (c) Vagina

(c) Ovary- Infundibulum → Oviduct → Uterus → Cervix → Vagina

(d) all the above

(b) fructose, calcium

Male accessory ducts store and transport the sperms from testis to the outside through urethra. Male accessory glands secrete seminal Plasma, Which is rich in fructose, citrate, prostaglandins and certain enzymes.

The secretion of Cowper’s glands lubricate the penis.

(a) Bartholin’s gland

In female, Bartholin’s gland is homologous to Cowper’s gland and Skene’s gland is homologous to prostate gland.

vesicle and Prostate gland.

The male accessory glands include

1. a pair of seminal vesicle 

2. a prostrate gland 

3. a pair of bulbo urethral gland.

(1) a pair of seminal vesicle:

The secretion from these glands constitute the seminal plasma, which is rich in calcium fructose and certain enzymes.

(2) a prostrate gland:

Seminal plasma provides the fluid medium for the-sperm to swim in the female reproduction tract, towards the ovum.

(3) a pair of bulbo urethral gland:

It provides nourishment to the sperm. The secretions from bulbourethral glands help in the lubrication of the penis.

Ant.Pituitary Gland --- 1. LH – Leydig cells – testosterone 2. FSH – sertoli cells - factors –spermiogenesis.

The anterior end of head of the sperm has a cap like structure called acrosome.It contains enzymes like sperm lysine help in dissolving memberanes.

Answer: Golgi bodies

The acrosome is an organelle that develops over the anterior half of the head in the spermatozoa or sperm cells of many animals. It is a cap-like structure derived from the Golgi apparatus. 

One month- heart , end of second month –limbs and digits , end of 12 weeks –major organ system – limbs genital organs fifth month movements ,second trimester fine hair eyelids separate eye lashes.

(a) Pituitary gland 

(b) Helps for ovulation 

(c) Stimulates the synthesis of horrnones (androgens)

The peak level of FSH and LH is reached in the middle of (14th day) menstrual cycle.

(b) rete testis to vas deferens.

The target cells of luteinising hormone (LH) in males are the Leydig cells and in females are the mature growing follicles. 

LH in males stimulates the Leydig cells (interstitial cells) of testes to synthesise and secrete androgens which in turn stimulate the process of spermatogenesis. LH in females stimulate the ovulation (release of ovum) and transformation of Graafian follicle into corpus luteum to secrete progesterone which prepares the endometrium to receive and implant blastocyst.

Mitochondria provide energy for the movement of sperm.

The process of formation of mature female gametes.

Middle piece contains numerous mitochondria which produce energy for sperm movement.

(i) Provides energy for movement.

(ii) Stimulates synthesis and secretion of androgens or male hormones for spermatogenesis.

(a) FSH and LH levels - low

(b) Endomehium is highly vascularised, pro- Iiferative phase of uterine lining.

(c) Formation of corpus luteum, secretion of progesterone.

Menstrual cycle is the reproductive cycle in all primates and begins at puberty (menarche). In human females, menstruation occurs once in 28 to 29 days. The cycle of events starting from one menstruation till the next one is called the menstrual cycle. During the middle of the menstrual cycle, one ovum is released (ovulation). The cycle starts with the menstrual flow (3 to 5 days), caused due to the breakdown of the endometrium of the uterus. Blood vessels in liquid state are discharged, but this occurs only when the ovum is not fertilized. 

It is followed by the follicular phase where the primary follicles mature into Graafian follicles. This causes the regeneration of the endometrium. These changes are brought about by ovarian and pituitary hormones. In this phase, the release of gonadotropins (LH and FSH) increases. This causes follicular growth and the growing follicles produce oestrogen. The LH and FSH are at their peak in the middle of the cycle (14th day) and cause the rupture of the Graafian follicles to release ovum. This phase is called the ovulatory phase. The remains of the Graafian follicles get converted into the corpus luteum, which secretes progesterone for the maintenance of the endometrium. In the absence of fertilization, the corpus luteum degenerates, thereby causing the disintegration of the endometrium and the start of a new cycle.

(a) Rupture of Graafian follicle leads to ovulation/ release of ovum.

(b) Estrogen level is low.

(c) Disintegration of endometrium and menstrual cycle begins again.

Release of gonodotropins (FSH and LH) from pituitary, during follicular phase or 5- 14 days of menstrual cycle leads to growth of primary follicle to Graafian follicle (GF.) in the ovary. estrogen from growing follicle helps proliferation of uterine endometrium or its repair. High level of LH at middle 14th day of the menstrual cycle leads to rapture of GF causing release of ovum. This is called ovulation. The remaining cells of GF transform into corpus luteum (CL) under the influence of LH. CL secretes progesterone that maintains endometrium in preparation for pregnancy. Level of FSH and LH fall due to rise of progesterone and estrogen (25th day of the cycle), leading to degeneration of CL. Level of progesteron falls, leading to disintegration of uterine endometrium and menstruation starts (0-5 day of the cycle).

Schematic representation of menstrual cycle ovarian events, uterine events, hormones of pituitary, ovarian hormones.

After implantation, uterus, chorionic villi and uterine tissue become interdigitated (physically fused) to form a structural and functional unit between the developing embryo and the maternal body called placenta. 

Functions: 

(i) Placenta facilitates supply of oxygen and nutrients to the embryo. 

(ii) Removes carbon dioxide, waste material and excretory material produced by the embryo. 

(iii) Produces hC G/h PL, estrogens and progestrogens.

Spermatogonia– primary spermatocyte– secondary spermatocyte– spermatid– sperm.

(d) Both A and R are false

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Inner cell mass

Rupture of graafian follicle, release of ovum/oocyte/ ovulation.

Detailed Answer :

High level of LH induces rupture of graafian follicle so as to release the secondary oocyte or ovum from the ovary by a process called ovulation.

Spermatogenesis:

It is the process of the formation of mature spermatozoa in the testis. It involves meiotic and mitotic division. It is controlled by hormones like leutenising hormone (LH) and androgen (testesterone).

Spermiogenesis:

It is the process of the transformation of spermatids into spermatozoa. It doesn’t involve any cell division. It is controlled by LH which stimulates the Sertoli cells to secrete the factors needed for spermiogenesis.

(i) d—Spermatids 

(ii) a—Spermatogonium, b—Primary spermatocyte 

They both are diploid and have 46 chromosomes each. 

(iii) e—Spermatozoa 

(iv) f—Sertoli cell. It provides nutrition to the germ cells. 

(v) Seminiferous tubule.

Spermiogenesis is the formation of haploid, microscopic and functional spermatozoa (male gametes) from the spermatids. It takes place in the testes (male reproductive organ).

1. Sertoli cells are elongated and pyramidal cells. 

2. They provide nourishment to sperm till maturation. 

3. They secrete a hormone called inhib in which is involved in negative feedback control of sperm production.

(a) R explains A.

During pregnancy, the placenta acts as a temporary endocrine gland and produces large quantities of human Chorionic Gonadotropin (hCG), human Chorionic Somatomammotropin (hCS) or human Placental Lactogen (hPL), oestrogens and progesterone which are essential For a normal pregnancy. A hormone called relaxin is also secreted during the later phase of pregnancy which helps in relaxation of the pelvic ligaments at the time of parturition.

If the testes fail to descend to the scrotum, gametogenesis could be inhibited. The process of spermatogenesis requires a marginally lesser ambient temperature than that in the abdominal cavity.

In mammals, fertilization takes place in the ampullary-isthmic junction.