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When humans shift from one place for their livelihood or for their progress, it is known as ‘migration’.

The total live births in one year per 1000 persons in a given area is known as ‘birth rate’.

Answer is C. 74 %

correct answer is C. 74% 

Population density is associated with social, economic and geographical conditions. It is high in the fertile alluvial plains of rivers, deltas, industrial areas, etc.

1. Literacy

An individual who is 6 years old or above and who can read, write and understand any one language is said to be ‘literate’. The literacy rate has been rising consistently in India and this is a positive sign. In 1901 the literacy rate in India was 5.35 % and this has increased to 74.04% in 2011. It is highest in Kerala at 93.91 %. In Gujarat, the literacy rate is 79.31 %.

2. Age structure

The population of the nation comprises of three age groups:

1. Children – 0 to 14- year-olds,

2. Adults-15 to 59-year-olds and

3. Senior citizens – those aged 60 years or above.

According to 2001 census – 35 – 40 % population is below 18 years, 7-10% is senior citizens and the rest is adults. Japan has the highest proportion of senior citizens.

3. Population composition

The classification of total population into various categories is called ‘population composition.’ Categorization is done according to male-female, age, rural-urban, religion, linguistic groups, etc.

During the last century, especially in the last five decades, the rate of population growth is a cause of worry. In 2001, the population of India was 102.87 crores which has increased to 121.01 crores in 2011.

Reasons for population growth:

1. Immigration for trade, education or settling abroad.
2. Lower Death Rate: Two centuries ago the rate of population growth was less, since infant mortality rate and death rate of pregnant women, as well as death due to various deadly diseases, was high. Diseases like cholera, plague, TB (tuberculosis), typhoid, etc. were incurable. People succumbed to famines, etc.

Because the modes of transport and roads were improper, people could not get proper medical facilities. This scenario has completely changed today. Nutritious food is easily available, communicable diseases are under control due to advanced medical treatment and vaccination programmes. Pre-and-post-disaster management has improved and affected people are rehabilitated faster. So death rate has decreased whereas population growth rate has increased.

3. Increased Life-expectancy: Moreover, the standard of living has improved and so the average life span which Was about 40-41 years in 1920 has increased to 63-64 years. However, birth rate has not decreased noticeably. The factors responsible for increase in birth rate are: illiteracy, superstitions, orthodox thinking, social customs wherein a male child is considered important, child marriage, poverty, widow re-marriage, negative attitude towards the idea of a small family, etc.

Sex Ratio: Sex ratio can be defined as the number of females per 1000 males. Sex ratio has been: consistently reducing since 1951. According to the 2011 census, there were 940 females for every 1000 males in, India. The sex ratio of Gujarat is 918. Kerala has the highest sex ratio (1084) in India.

The two main factors responsible for population explosion in India are high birth rate and the considerably low death rate in comparison. The standard of living has improved and so the average life span which was about 40-41 years in 1920 has increased to 63 – 64 years.

However, birth rate has not decreased noticeably. The factors responsible for increase in birth rate are: illiteracy, superstitions, orthodox thinking, social customs wherein a male child is considered important, child marriage, poverty, widow re-marriage, negative attitude towards the idea of a small family, etc.

Nutritious food is easily available, communicable diseases are under control due to advanced medical treatment and vaccination programmes. Pre-and-post-disaster management has improved and affected people are rehabilitated faster. So death rate has decreased whereas! population growth rate has increased.

Answer is B. Bihar

Rising population causes administrative problems, as well as problems like shortage of food, water, housing, environmental pollution, conservation, employment, traffic congestion, etc. Therefore, schemes, policies, etc. are made to deal with such problems.

Qualitative changes: The changes observed in health and education indicate qualitative change. This change alters behaviour, lifestyle and living standards. The main reasons responsible for these changes are dedication, hard work, patriotism, enthusiasm, courage, etc. These factors bring about socio-cultural changes.

Answer is C. Language

Correct Answer is: (C) 67%

Human resource is the human capital of our country. Development of the country depends not only on the area of the country or natural resources but it is also based upon the quality of human resources that contributes a lot to economic development. Therefore, human resource is considered as the most important resource for a nation.

Qualitative human population is also called ‘human resource’. The quality of human resource depends on education and intelligence. Skilled citizens like doctors, engineers, sportsmen, industrialists, farmers and other responsible citizens are human resources and an asset to the country. Our youth and children are potential resources which need to be developed well.

When human resources of a nation are educated, trained, strong and healthy they can foster development of that nation. Carefully planned use of human resources builds the foundation for development of the nation. To keep pace with developed nations it is very important to have good quality human resources and eliminate factors that undermine this resource.

Answer is C. Ten

1. 2011

2. 32,87,263; 2.42

3. 121

4. 63/64

5. 18

6. 21; 18

7. 38

8. thousand

9. 79.31

Collecting and cataloguing information about people living in a country or any particular region of the country is known as the ‘Census’. It is done every 10 years under the regulation of the central government. In our country, the last census was carried out in the year 2011 (the 7^th time). A census is done for the five-year development plans of the country with regard to necessities like food, water, housing facilities, industries, electricity, employment, education, conservation, etc. It is important to have a census.

Collecting and cataloguing information about people living in a country or any particular region of the country is known as ‘Population Census’. It is done every 10 years under the regulation of the central government. In our country, the last census was carried out in the year 2011 (the 7th time).

1. second

2. 16

3. 382

4. 918

5. Hindu

A census for Asiatic lions, reptiles, insects along with carnivores like Indian leopards, Indian cobras, jungle cats, striped hyenas, golden jackals, Indian mongoose, palm civets, etc. was carried out in Gujarat. Herbivores like chital, nilgai, sambar, antelope, chinkara, etc. were also counted. Reptiles like crocodiles, monitor lizards, pythons, etc.

Among birds were counted – vultures, crested serpent eagles, Bonelli’s eagle, crested hawk-eagle, brown fish owl, Indian eagle owl, rock bush quail, woodpecker, oriole, treeswift and Indian pitta were counted in the recent census conducted in Gujarat.

Answer is A. China

Six countries bigger in area than India are: USA, China, Brazil, Canada, Russia and Australia. India is the 7th largest country in the world.

When investment is made on education, training, health and other services for human population, then the investment converts the human population into human resources.

Number of people living in per square unit area is called population density.

When the growth in population is calculated in terms of percentage, it is called growth rate.

The difference between populations of two different years gives the absolute growth of population.

Family Planning

This is an importan i social indicator to measure the equality between men and women in any society.

Migration of people from rural areas to urban areas is called urbanization. Another meaning of urbanization is related to physical expansion of urban area, and growth in population.

Benefits of Urbanisation: This provides better facilities of education and healthcare to people. People get better opportunities of employment in cities. Thus, urbanization also helps in economic growth of people and subsequently the economic growth of the nation.

Harms of Urbanisation: Urbanisation results in increased use of modes of transport and other means for comfortable life. This results in increased exploitation of natural resources. This also results in increase in environmental pollution. Thus, urbanization is a bane for the longevity of environment.

Number of females per thousand male is called gender ratio.

Following are the reasons for rapid growth in population:

1. Birth Rate: Number of live births per thousand children is called birth rate. Improvement in healthcare and food production during the 1970s and 1980s resulted .in high birth rate across the country. 

2. Death Rate: Number of deaths per thousand persons is called death rate. Improvement in healthcare and food production during previous decades resulted in lower death rate across the country. 

3. When birth rate is higher than death rate it results in growth in population. This has been the major cause for population growth in India till 1981. 

Problems due to high growth in population:

• Increased stress on natural resources. 
• Increase in poverty. 
• Income distribution is uneven. 
• Increased consumption of natural resources causes degradation of environment.

Birth Rate, Death Rate and Migration ‘