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Quaternary Structure of proteins (4° Structure) : It is the last or fourth level of protein organisation found in only oligomeric proteins or multimers. The multimeric proteins are formed of two to several poly peptides. The monomers or polypeptide sub units are also called protomers. Protomers maybe similar, e.g., two similar a polypeptides in enzyme phosphorvlase. It is known as homogeneous Quaternary structure. An oligomeric protein having dissimilar sub units shows heterogeneous Quaternary structure, .e.g., tetrameric hemoglobin with two ot (141 amino acids each) and two p (146 amino acids each) polypeptide chains.

A – CH₃CHO, Acetaldehyde

B – CH₃COOH, Acetic acid

C – (CH₃COO)₂Ca, Calcium acetate

D – CH₃COCH₃, Acetone

Antipyretics

 It is based on the law of conservation of energy.

 Principle of calorimetry. 

This is done to produce a radial magnetic field.

One is the value of power factor for a pure resistor connected to an alternating current source

It is defined as the angle of incidence in the denser medium for which the angle of refraction in the rarer medium is 90°

 For constructive interference, the two waves should reach in phase at a point 

\(\therefore\) path difference \(n\lambda\)

(a) (i) The SI unit of power is watt (W). 

The power of an agent is said to be one watt if it does one joule of work in one second. 

(ii) 1 hp = 746 W 

(b) (i) Electrical into heat energy 

(ii) Electrical 

(c) (i) Second class . 

(ii)It increases 

(d) (i) Because all wavelengths of light travel with the same velocity in vacuum 

(ii) 4000 Å 

(e) (i) Because at every point of motion the direction of speed changes i.e., the body possesses velocity which changes with time.

(ii) J s ^-2 m ^-2

(i)  Dioptre = Power of a lens.

(ii)  Kelvin = Absolute temperature

(i) Heat capacity of a body is 50 J/°C → It means 50 joule of heat energy is required to raise the temperature of the body by 1°C. 

(ii) Amount of heat required to melt one kilogram of ice is 336000 J. 

(iii) 0.4 J of heat is required to raise the temperature of one gram of copper by 1°C.

When a hot body is mixed with a cold body, heat energy passes from the hot body to the cold body, till both the bodies attain the same temperature, If no heat energy is lost to the surroundings then 

Heat energy lost by the hot body = Heat energy gained by the cold body.

(ii) Law of conservation of energy

The weight of the body (mg) = 350 Newton

Total distance covered by the body = 30 x 20 cm

= 600 cm 

= 6 metres

= 350 N x 6m / 5 seconds

= 420 watts 

(i) The S.I. unit of Temperature is K. We convert °C to K by adding 273.

→ K =° C + 273

(ii) The liquid X is water used as coolant in car.

(i) S.I. unit of temperature is Kelvin. To convert temperature in degreecelsius to degree Kelvin 273.15 is added to celsius.

(ii) Liquid 'X'will be 'water', as water has highest specific heat capacity.

(a) (i) 1°C = 273 K 

(ii) Water 

(b) Using Q=mL, 100 x 4 x 60 x =150 x 10^-3 x L or L =100*4*60/150*10^-3 = L = 1.6 x 10⁵ J Kg-1 

(c) (i) Live wire 

(ii) Earth wire 

(d) (i) Elements having same mass number but different atomic number. 

(ii) ¹⁰S, ⁴⁰Cl, ⁴⁰Ar, ⁴⁰K, and ⁴⁰Ca. 

(e) (i) Strength can be increased or decreased during working (ii) Polarities can be changed during working.

(i) 90°

(ii) Periscope

(iii) AB

 (i) The angle through which the incident ray deviates and emerges out of the prism is 90°. 

(ii) Periscope. 

(iii) The surface AB of the prism behaves as a mirror.

The energy absorbed during phase change is called latent heat.

(i) Biodegradable plastic : The biodegradable plastic is made from lactic acid which is produced at the time of bacterial fermentation of plant materials like discarded stalks of com. Biodegradable plastic is a material w hich has most of the properties of plastic except the property of being non-biodegradable. The biodegradable plastic polyhydroxyalkanates e.g., poly hydroxyl butyrate (PHB) are obtained commercially by fermentation with bacterium Alcaligenes eutrophus. The genetically engineered Arabidopsis plants produced poly hydroxyl butyrate (PHB) globules in their chloroplasts without effecting plant growth and development. The large scale of poly hydroxybutyrate (PHB) can be extracted from leaves as well as from transgenic plants. 

(ii) Pest resistance: To reduce the loss by the way of killing insects, farmers apply insecticides (i.e., synthetic pesticides) on the crop plants. However, the synthetic insecticides pose a serious threat to the health of plants, animals and humans. The alternative and novel ways of rescue from damages of insects are the use of transgenic technology. It is eco-friendly , cost-effective, sustainable and effective way of insect control. Using biotechnological approaches many transgenic crops having cry’ gene i.e., Bi-genes have been developed and commercialized. Some examples of Bt-crops are brinjal, cauliflower, cabbage, canola, com, cotton, egg plant, maize, potato, tobacco, tomato, rice, soyabean, etc. 

(iii) Drought resistance : There are some plants that resist drought conditions. The property of resistance against water loss from the surface of plants is naturally checked by the plants. The special feature is controlled by a specific gene called ‘drought resistance (DR) gene’. Plant biotechnology offers the introduction of DR gene from drought resistant plants into the staple crops for the benefit of enhanced crop yield. The promising GM technology includes the use of techniques for increasing drought tolerance. Research works on these aspects are being investigated at the International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center, Mexico and individual countries itself.

(iv) Salinity resistance : Irrigation has enabled the transformation of arid regions into some of the w orld’s most productive agricultural areas. Excess salinity, however, is becoming a major problem for agriculture in dry parts of the world. In several cases, scientists have used biotechnology to develop plants with enhanced tolerance to salty conditions. 

Another approach to engineering salt tolerance uses a protein that takes excess sodium and diverts it into a cellular compartment w here it does not harm the cell. In the lab. this strategy was used to create test plants that were able to flow er and produce seeds under extreme salt levels. Commercially available crops with such a modification are still several years away.

(i) Hydrophobic Interaction : Hydrophobic interaction chromatography (HIC) is a classic purification tool applied in protein and antibody, laboratory and industrial production process. It has been mainly used for the removal of both product-related impurities such as aggregates, as well as process contaminants such as host cell proteins. This review will focus on the recent development of HIC in its applications in the industrial purification processes. The process economy and requirements of high product purity and quality hare driven much of the recent advancement in HIC chromatography in terms of increased throughput and enhanced selectivity or resolution. Meanwhile, high throughput screening (HTS). 

design of experiments (DoE) and platform approach for process development hare been applied to shorten the development time. The throughput improvement has been achieved through new resins with increased binding capacity , using dual salts for load conditioning, and operating in the flow-through mode. In addition, hydrophobic interaction membrane filter chromatography technology reduces bed volumes and buffer usage and potentially improves process throughput by reducing cycle time. Selectirity and/or resolution enhancements have been achieved through optimization of operation parameters such as temperature and efforts such as application of solvent additives .

(ii) Colorimetry: It is based on the use of interaction of light energy with colored solutions of certain molecules as when light passes through a colored solution, some wavelengths are absorbed more than others. The amount of light absorbed is proportional to the intensity of color and hence to the concentration of the compound. 

Applications: 

• Quantitative estimation i.e., concentration in solution. 

• Detect and identification of bio molecules.

(i) Anti codon is the corresponding triplet sequence on the transfer RNA (tRNA) which brings in the specific amino acid to the ribosome during translation. The anti codon is complementary to the codon, that is, if the codon is AUU, then the anti codon is UAA. 

Codon is the triplet sequence in the messenger RNA (mRNA) transcript which specifies a corresponding amino acid (or a start or stop command).

(ii)

(iii)

(iv)

(v)

START codons: The codonAUGis called the START codon as it the first codon in the transcribed mRNA that undergoes translation. AUG is the most common START codon and it codes for the amino acid methionine (Met) in eukaryotes and formyl methionine (fMet) in prokaryotes. During protein synthesis, the tRNA recognizes the START codon AUG with the help of some initiation factors and starts translation of mRNA.

STOP codons : There are 3 STOP codons in the genetic code – UAG UAA, and UGA. These codons signal the end of the polypeptide chain during translation. These codons are also known as nonsense codons or termination codons as they do not code for an amino acid. 

The three STOP codons have been named as amber (UAG), opal or umber (UGA) and ochre (UAA). “Amber” or UAG was discovered by Charles Steinberg and Richard Epstein and they named it amber after the German meaning of the last name of their friend Harris Bernstein. The remaining two STOP codons were then named “ochre” and “opal” so as to maintain the “color names” theme.

Codon is a unit of genetic coding, consists of a series of three adjacent bases (triplet) in one polynucleotide chain of a DNA or RNA molecules, which codes for a particular amino acid during synthesis of proteins in a cell. For example, ATA codes for Leucine. 

Start codon : The codon AUG specifies the first amino acid, methionine, in protein synthesis. 

End codon : UAG also referred to as amber codon, in mRNA which terminate translation.

Cloning vector is a self-replicating DNA molecule that carries foreign DNA insert into a host cell, replicates inside a bacterial (or yeast) cell and amplify to produce many copies of itself and the foreign DNA. 

Plasmid: It is an extra chromosomal circular DNA molecule that self replicates inside the bacterial cell and some yeast; cloning limit: 100 to 10,000 base pairs or 0.1-10 kilobases (kb). 

Phage : Designed bacteriophage lambda (A.) and Ml 3 : linear DNA molecules, whose region can be replaced with foreign DNA without disrupting its life cycle; cloning limit: 8-20 kb. M13 is a filamentous phage which infects E-coli. Cloning limit: 10 kb. 

Cosmids: A constructed extrachromosomal circular DNA molecule that combines features of plasmids and ‘cos’ site of phage ; cloning limit – 45 kb.

Yeast Artificial Chromosomes (YAC) : An artificial chromosome that contains telomeres, origin of replication, a yeast centromere, restriction enzyme site and a selectable marker for identification in yeast cells ; cloning limit: 1 Mb.

Intensity of a colour means brightness or dullness of a colour. Bright colour have the full intensity. To reduce the intensity, add its complementary colour. Thus, by adding other colour both become soft colours.

Consumer: A consumer is an individual who purchases/uses/ consumes services, items/products to satisfy wants. 

Or 

Consumer is a person who buy goods or pays for services that he needs from the market

Related colour schemes are made up of one or many hues which provide an effect of unity and harmony. These colour schemes provide greater variety and also a balance between warm and cool colours. 

It include two other schemes which are given below : 

1. Monochromatic colour scheme 

2. Analogous colour scheme 

• Monochromatic colour scheme is done by using one colour. But this colour varies both in intensity and value. It makes an attractive colour scheme for homes. 

• Analogous colour scheme is made by mixing same or neighbouring colours. 3 to 5 colours are used in this scheme.

Three dimensions of colour: The three dimensions of colour are basically value, hue and intensity. , 

1. Value: A colour’s lightness and darkness is known as value. On the colour wheel, the basic colours can be lightened to pale tints and darkened to nearly black shades. Basically, there are total nine value steps. 

2. Hue: It is simply the colour quality that has been given a technical name for its identification. 

3. Intensity: It refer to the brightness and dullness of a colour.

Basically, there are three objectives of furnishing a house. These are : 

1. Beauty 

2. Functionalism 

3. Expressiveness

Sources of light: Two major sources of light are as follow : 

1. Natural light or Sunlight. 

2. Artificial light. 

• Natural light’s main source is sun and the light of sun varies with climate. Most commonly day light is admitted through windows. 

• Artificial light includes candle, Lantern and ofcourse electricity. In our homes incandescent bulbs and fluorescent tubes are sources of artificial light.

• The materials used in the kitchen counters should be heat resistant. 

• Should be resistant to acid. 

• Should be easy to clean.

1. A sink is mainly used in the kitchen for washing the utensils. 

2. Sink is also used for washing vegetables. 

3. A kitchen sink can also be used for hand washing.

1. Direct lighting interferes with the vision. 

2. It create harshness of shadow causing the eye discomfort and fatigue.

Home furnishing: Home is the place where we are relaxed, fear free and protected/safe. A home provide us shelter. Home furnishing includes systematical furniture, curtains, good art work and other decorations. A home has to be beautiful from outside as well as from the inside. The interior decoration of a home mainly expresses the personality of that person who hold that home or who is the house holder. The exterior of a home should fit its surrounding. Creativity and art is other ability of the home-maker to sound it good from the outside and inside. Mainly home furnishing include the three objectives on which it is based. 

• Beauty 

• Expressiveness 

• Functionalism

While choosing curtains for the home, the following factors should always be kept in mind : 

1. If you have small rooms, it can also give the effect of being large if curtain blend with walls. 

2. You should use plain curtains in those room which have more patterns. Plain curtain can also be used in those rooms which contains pictures and also have pattern in furniture. 

3. If there are too many windows in a room, the pattern of curtains should be less striking. Bold prints provide a masculine look while small patterns gives a feminine look.

Choice of light in various rooms of the house: 

Proper day light in the morning and other man¬made i.e., artificial fights enhances the beauty and design in a house. It also create a living and healthy environment. 

Choice of light in various rooms: 

• In bedroom: One tube fight may be placed at the top of the dressing table mirror. Study table may have a separate lamp. Bathroom also needs a ceiling as well as a minor fight. 

• In living room: In living and family rooms, use general fights for entering and watching T. V, fighting to highlight art work, plants and other items. 

• In kitchen: It should be well lighted, wall fights over the working places, tube fights fixed under the cabinets and over the cooking area.

We all know that kitchen is the main and essential part of a home, without kitchen we cannot imagine a home being full. This is the kitchen where a women or any home maker spend most of the time. It cannot be wrong if we call kitchen as a “heart of home”. So a kitchen should be well planned, cheerful, well ventilated and properly lighted. Cross-ventilation is very much essential and for removing the odours there should be an exhaust fan. The paint colour of the kitchen should be light which help in electing the light.

Colour scheme for a kitchen: Colour scheme for a kitchen should be attractive and calm. Light colours should be used in the kitchen. Warm colour or dark colour should be avoided. White and light coloured walls generally are best for visibility. A well designed and well coloured kitchen provides a comfortable working. Wrong colour in the kitchen may create a bad feeling.

The advantages of saving money in a bank are: 

1. Safety 

2. Earning interest from the bank.

While you are planning for a kitchen following consideration should be there : 

1. Aspect: It mean in which direction a kitchen should be. Mainly we should have to plan a kitchen in east or north east because by doing so we can get the early morning rays of the sun. 

2. Size: This is an important consideration which should always be in your mind while planning for a kitchen. A kitchen should always be large such that at a time two or three person can work. Size of the kitchen should be such enough that you can put all your accessories in the kitchen like as refrigerator, oven and other storage. 

3. Windows and Doors: For proper ventilation and proper circulation of air windows are necessory in the kitchen. 

4. Storage: Proper storage in a kitchen is very much essential. Shelves in the cupboards should be properly designed. Drawer should have movable dividers.

Characteristics of a well planned meal: 

Meal planning is basically done to satisfy the nutritional needs of the family members according to the age and occupation. 

1. Meal planning firstly determines the adequency of the diet. 

2. Better choice of food. 

3. Helps to maintain a healthy life. 

4. Beneficial for the old age persons. 

5. Good exercise for the house wife. 

6. Fulfill the nutritional need of the family.

• First factor is size of the family. Smaller the family simple will be the budget. Large family create problems if the income is less. How to feed the family members? 

• Family budget can also be get affected by the status of the family. Because expenditure varies depending upon the status.

Operating the Bank Account: Operation of the bank account means depositing the money into it or withdrawing from it through cheques, withdrawal forms or ATM machines. As soon as the bank agrees to open the account, it will supply the following books to its account holder. 

1. Paying-in-slip Book 

2. Cheque Book 

3. Pass Book

4. ATM Card. 

1. Paying-in-slip Book: This book contains a number of printed slips with perforated counterfoils. This slip is used while depositing cash or cheque in the bank. The depositor fills in all the particulars, e.g., the name of the customer, account number, date, amount in words and figures, and hands over this slip to the cashier along with cash or cheque. The cashier checks the details and counts the money. He then puts the stamp on the paying-in-slip and the counterfoil and initials them. 

2. Cheque Book: This book contains a number of printed blank cheque forms (usually ten or more) with their counterfoils serially numbered. The holder of a current account or savings account can withdraw money’ through cheque. 

3. Pass Book : Along with a cheque book and the paying-in-slip book, the depositor is issued a Pass Book. The Pass Book is a copy (with details of transactions) of the Customer’s account in the bank’s Ledger as on a particular date. It shows credit for deposits and debit for withdrawals, and the balance. 

4. ATM Card : It is a plastic smart card with a chip that contains a unique card number and some security information. Using an ATM, customers can access their bank accounts in order to make cash withdrawals and check their account balances.

The onset of puberty brings many physical changes in adolescence. The hormonal changes stimulate the growth in size and shape, the development of secondary sex characters and the feeling of nature sexuality. The timing of such changes varies among the individuals. 

Here are some changes occurs during adolescence : 

In Boys: 

• Change in voice. 

• Appearance of hair on face, armpit and genital areas. 

• Development of muscles. 

• Increase in height. 

• Skin becomes oily. 

• Opposite sex desire. 

• Broadening of shoulders. 

In Girls: 

• Enlargement of breasts. 

• Broadening of hips. 

• Skin becomes oily. 

• Appearance of hair on armpit and genital areas. 

• Beginning of menstruation. 

• Opposite sex desire.

Importance of a Saving Account: A Saving Account is one of the most popular bank accounts that a person can invest in. It is the account that can be used for many different purposes. 

1. Safe avenue for funds: The funds kept in a Saving Account stay there unless they are withdrawn or paid out. Another point to be considered is that Saving Accounts are insured up to 1 lakh by the Deposit Insurance and Credit Guarantee Corporation (DICGC). 

2. Provides special value added services: Many banks nowadays provide value added services and benefits with a Savings Account. Many banks provide some basic form of accident or medical insurance, foreign travel insurance, and other types of insurance covers for opening the bank account. 

3. Place to collect funds and make payments: A Saving Account is an excellent place to collect funds from different sources. 

4. Income generating account: Unlike a current account, a savings bank earns interest. The balance earned in a Saving Account helps to improve the individual’s income. 

5. Can help to plan your child’s financial future: By opening a Kids Saving Account, you can help your child understand the basics of how to operate a bank account. These valuable financial lessons can help your child manage their finances and learn the value of money.

Uses of ATM: 

1. Cash withdrawals 

2. Check account balances

Language development can be defined as the ability to communicate through the use of meaningful words and sentences.

Male sex hormone is Testosterone. 

Female sex hormones are Oestrogen and Progesterone.