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Subhash Chandra Bose.

The first All India Peasant Organisation was Akhil Bharatiya Kisan Sabha or All India Kisan Sabha.

During the Second world War, Americans wanted to help Britain in all possible ways. In March 1941, the US Congress empowered the US Government to help the warring states with arms against the Axis power by passing the Lend lease Act. America thus became the ‘Arsenal of Democracy’. As a result, from 1941 America with her huge armaments came forward to help the Allied powers against Hitler. In 1941 in the North-Atlantic Conference, Roosevelt and Churchill accepted the Eight Point Programme of War Aims for the Second World War. Till the end of the war, they tried to observe those principles.

(i) Full employment : The idea that everyone should have a job. By 1939, there was virtually no unemployment in Germany. 

(ii) To maintain the support of the population. (.i.e., feeding the population, providing basic needs). 

(iii) To make Germany a global military and industrial superpower. 

(iv) Hitler’s economic reforms. 

(v) He introduced five year plans to have greater production. 

(vi) Factories were set up to provide work to the labourers. 

(vii) Industrialist and agricultural production and trade were encouraged. 

A food corporation was established to control food production, its pricing and distribution. Price controls were introduced and incentives were provided for workers. 

Imports and exports were controlled to maintain favorable trade balance. The production of heavy armaments, airplanes and naval ships on a large scale was increased.

Reasons for popularity of Hitler’s policy with the workers : 

• Capitalists were encouraged to increase production and strikes were banned. 

• Imports and exports were controlled to maintain favorable trade balance. 

• It also encouraged factory owners to improve conditions for workers for example : improved canteens, toilets and sometimes even sports facilities. 

Reasons for popularity of Hitler’s policy with the industrialists : 

• He encouraged agriculture production. 

• A food corporation was established to control food production its pricing and distribution. 

• He concentrated on building infrastructures which in turn helped in building the import and export.

Changes in food due to freezing: 

1. Formation of ice crystals within the food. 

2. Freezing destroys the texture of some foods. 

3. On thawing, vegetables become limp and soggy.

Importance of dietary fiber for the elderly: 

Has a beneficial effect in: 

1. Constipation 

2. Diabetes 

3. Cardiovascular diseases

Preliminary treatment of food means the pre-processing steps involved in cooking process. These can be preparing or processing method that makes the further processing easier, quicker and simpler. It is also important for making the food product safe to eat. Some of the treatments are washing, peeling, chopping, cutting, grinding, etc. Cleaning methods make the food clean and safe for consumption. They help to get rid of dirt and pesticides that linger on the food surface. Chopping or grinding food reduces the time taken to cook in the further processes. Some other methods are soaking, germination and fermentation. These methods make the food more nutritious than its native form. Methods like soaking destroy the anti nutritional components in the food product, making it easier to digest. They also help to quicken the process of cooking rich flavored dishes.

Eggs should be stored in their original carton in the refrigerator. This helps to reduce water loss and protect flavours from other foods from being absorbed into the eggs. Upon refrigeration, eggs last for 3-5 weeks. Freezing eggs, shell eggs and egg-products can be stored in the freezer for upto one year. However, sufficient care should be taken in defrosting the frozen egg and its products. Only required quantities should be defrosted  and the container should be placed in cold water to defrost. Refreezing of defrosted products should be avoided. Also, once thawed, the egg should be stored in refrigerator if not used immediately and shell be used within three days of defrosting.

There are many factors that affect the selection of clothes, climate and occupation are two of them. Climate usually affects the choice for the requirement of comfort, convenience and to protect the body from harsh weather. 

For example, in summers, cool, soft and light- colored clothes having sweat absoring qualities are preferred whereas silk or heavy clothes are : 

In winters, warm and woolen clothes which maintain warmth in the body are used. In rainy season, moisture content increase in the weather, therefore, clothes made of nylon are preferred as they dry easily. On the other hand, occupation affects the choice of clothes with regards to comfort as well as suitability. 

For example, an air hostess and a nurse, both have the uniforms that are suitable for easy and quick movements. However, the material, color and overall appearance of both are largely different to suit their professions. Likewise, each occupation has a particular requirement for dressing that gives them a formal look.

Reasons for the increase of population in India are: 

1.  Illiteracy-People are illiterate, ignorant and superstitious.

2.  Economic reasons-children are considered to be helping hands to increase the family income.

(i) Step-up transformer.

(ii) Step-up transformer works on the principle of electromagnetic induction.

(i) Copper

(ii) It is good conductor of heat, so the vessel soon acquires the temperature of its contents.

Gamma radiation produces maximum biological damage.

No change in the atomic number of an element takes place when the gamma radiations are emitted.

The momentum of a body is the product of the mass of the body and its velocity i.e ., p = mv

Force is equal to the rate of change of momentum of the body.

If mass of the body m remains constant then the change in momentum of the body depends only on the change in its velocity.

Mechanical advantage of a lever = Effort arm/Loan arm.

The efficiency of a single movable pulley system is always less than 100% because of the friction of the pulley and also the weight of the pulley.

(i) 1. Mercury rises rapidly if a blackened bulb thermometer is kept in these radiations.

 2. By the action of silver chloride solution. 

(ii) Use of Infrared radiations : Used for therapeutic purposes by doctors.

(1) Infrared radiations : These are detected by a thermopile.

(2) Ultraviolet radiation : when a silver chlortile solution is taken in a test tube and is passed from red to violet light no change is seen. But beyond the violet end. the solution first turns violet and then it turns dark brown.

(i) R will produce louder sound because its amplitude is more than P and Q. 

(ii) The sound of P string will have maximum shrillness. 

(iii) The ratio of wavelength of P and R i.e., = 1 : 3

(i) The power of a lens is a measure of deviation produced by it in the path of rays refracted through it. 

(ii) power of lens (in D) 

= (1/Focal length (in meter))

= (100/Focal length (in centimetre))

= (100/25)

= 4D

Infrared radiations are used in remote control of television.

Ultrasonic waves.

Ionization are not in ionic state

(1) Methanal 

(2) Propan-1-ol 

(3) But-2-ene

(i) C + 2H₂SO₄ (Conc.) ---> CO₂ + 2SO₂ + 2H₂O 

(ii) FeCl₃ + 3NaOH ---> Fe(OH)₃ + 3NaCl 

(iii) Aluminium hydroxide on heating decomposes into aluminium oxide along with water.

AI(OH)₃ ---> Al₂O₃ +3H₂O 

(iv) Elemental zinc reacts with strong bases to give zinc hydroxide, which on availability of extra OH^- ions get dissolved in solution due to formation of zincate : 

Zn(s) + 2OH^-(aq) --> Zn(OH)₂(s) 

Zn(OH)₂(s) + OH^- ---> [Zn(OH)₄]^2-(aq) 

(v) Magnesium sulphite reacts with dilute hydrochloric acid to give magnesium chloride : 

MgSO₃ + 2HCl ---> MgCl₂ + H₂O + SO₂

Catenation - It’s a self linking.

Property of atoms like carbon to give long chains of carbon

1. Soil erosion is the removal of soil by the forces of nature, particularly wind and water. 

2. Soil erosion mainly takes place due to man’s activities such as : 

(a) Deforestation 

(b) Overgrazing of cattle.

Catenation..

1. Soil lacks organic matter. 

2. Trees and plants anchor and hold the soil together. 

3. Due to wide diffusion.

Dehydration is lose their water of crystallization and crumble into powder.

1. It is the transported soil and in the upper course of the river it is coarse where as in the lower coarse it is finally grained. 

2. Wheat and Rice.

(i) Alluvial soil differs in texture because it is a transported soil deposited by rivers. 

(ii) Black soil does not get leached because it is moisture retentive. 

(iii) Khadar is new alluvium deposited by the rivers in their flood plains which is replensid every year. Bangar is older alluvium found in upland area above the flood plains, Bangar is older alluvium which is not renewed by the floods.

Two similarities between red soil and laterite soil are : 

(i) Both are red is colour as they are rich in iron oxide. 

(ii) Both are porous and friable.

(i) In the month of June, Kerala has temperature range between 26°C to 32°C, as it has a moderating influence of the sea, but Uttar Pradesh has intense heat. Temperature around 48°C is not uncommon in this month. 

(ii) In the first week of June Kerala experiences a sudden violent on set of rainfall, which is termed as ‘Burst of Monsoon’, whereas Uttar Pradesh experiences the strong and dusty winds called “Loo’ in the month of May and June. ‘Loo’ increases the temperature of U.P. but by mid June the monsoon winds from Arabian Sea branch approach this region and bring about a change in the weather towards the rainy season.

1. These depressions are very useful for wheat, a major crop of Punjab. 

2. These local winds are accompanied by thunderstorms and bring rainfall. This rain is good for jute and rice.

Soil Erosion: The detachment of the soil particles from the uppermost portion of the earth’s crust is called soil erosion. 

Steps taken to prevent soil erosion are : 

(i) Contour Ploughing: The fields are ploughed and sown along the contours instead up and down the slope. 

(ii) Planting of Shelter belts: In desert areas trees are planted on the margins of deserts perpendicular to the wind direction which prevents soil erosion.

1. The cold weather season starts in November and continues till March. 

2. The hot weather season start in March and ends in May. 

3. The season of the advancing monsoon starts in June and lasts until September. 

4. The season of the retreating monsoon starts in October and Novemeber.

(a) Name given to the Indian climate – ‘Tropical Monsoon Type’. 

Two factors responsible for it are :

(i) Altitude 

(ii) Distance from the sea. 

(b) (i) Moisture Laiden Monsoon winds of Bay of Bengal Branch of South West Monsoon.

(ii) Mango Showers. 

(c) (i) Kanpur has extreme type of temperature conditions because it is away from the influence from the sea and is not influenced by the land and sea breezes. 

(ii) Kochi is warmer than Mumbai even though both lie on the western coast of India because Kochi is located on lower latitude and is close to the equator. 

(iii) Ganga plain gets the monsoon rain much later than the west coast of India because Ganga plain lies in the north India and the monsoon being S.W. Monsoon, first strikes the west coast of India. 

(d) (i) Total annual rainfall experienced by the station is 128.7 cm.

(ii) Annual range of temperature of the station is 8°C. 

(iii) Station lies on the east coast of India because it receives its maximum rainfall in the month of October and November.

(i) Sources of rain in Punjab are temperate cyclones or western disturbances. 

(ii) Sources of rain in Tamil Nadu are North east monsoon winds.

Brahmaputra is known in: 

(i) Tibet as Tsangpo 

(ii) Bangladesh as Jamuna.

(a) (i) 0123-Settlement of Hamirpura. 

(ii) 078187-Temple in the Settlement of Jolpur. 

(b) (i) Unlined well. 

(ii) North-West. 

(c) (i) Settlement pattern in 0725-Dispersed Settlement pattern in Idarla-Nucleated. 

(ii) Drainage pattern in 0624-Trellis. Drainage pattern in 0824-Dendritic. 

(d) Value of contour line in square 0226 = 300 m. Contour interval of the map = 20 m. 

(e) Evidence for the region, is a rural region : 

(i) There is no metalled road. 

(ii) Agriculture is the main occupation. 

(f) (i) Broken ground is indicated by the black curves in 0721. These features are mainly formed due to alternate wet and dry spells therefore the rainfall is indicated as seasonal. 

(ii) Cart tracks are motorable in the dry seasons in the map extract. 

(g) (i) Two natural features in 0527 are-seasonal stream and seasonal tank. 

(ii) Two man made features in 0325 are-hut and cart track. 

(h) Dantrai is more important because : 

(i) It has a post office and police chauki. 

(ii) It is well connected by cart racks with other settlement. 

(i) Area = L × B = 3 km × 10 km = 30 km2 

(j) (i) Longitude. 

(ii) Spot height 302 m.

(i) Bangluru 

(ii) Kapurthala in Punjab 

(iii) U.K

Public Sector Industries are owned and managed by the Central or State Government such as Railways, Post and Telegraph, Heavy Engineering, Defence Establishment etc. 

Private Sector industries are owned and managed by an individual or group of individuals such as Reliance India Ltd., Infosys, Wipro etc.

(i) (1) Mini Steel Plants use electric furnaces as it becomes easy for these plants scatter all over the country, and coal is also conserved. 

(2) These steel plants are not located close to the location of the raw material ‘ because they use cheaply available scrap iron. It is advantageous for it because they cater to the local need of the market. Cost of transport is minimized as they are located in industrial towns. 

(ii) Bhilai gets its Iron from Dalli-Rajhare Mines and Coal from Kargati of M.P., Bokaro and Jharia also.