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US senate consists of 2 senators from each state who serve the term for six years each, regardless of population of the state. As there are fifty US states, there are 100 senators in all.

The Battle of Britain was a turning point in World War II as it gave Germany the superiority over Britain and would have opened the door for the German invasion.

One reason for India’s decision to follow the policy of Non-Alignment was the Desire for Nationalism.

The objective of setting up the All India States People’s Conference was to coordinate political activities in different states.

To prevent the ‘Quit India Movement’ the British authorities arrested Gandhiji and all Congress leaders on 9 August, 1942.

Two factors which influence natural vegetation of a place are climate and soil. 

(a) Climate: It influences the vegetation to a great extent and we can have several varieties such as Tropical evergreen, Tropical deciduous, Tropical grasslands and Tundra type of vegetation on the basis of climate. 

(b) Soil: It modifies vegetation to a great extent. The tidal forests of coastal areas and the acacia in drier parts of Maharashtra are examples of modification by soil.

A planning region is a self-created living organism having a lifetime which not only supports the life in the region but also radiates unifying forces that enable the region to be a unified regional space so as to facilitate the practice of regional planning.

Chhattisgarh is the 26th state of the Indian Union which was curbed out of M.P. for administrative convenience and social and economic harmony and functional unity.

Two centres each in Chhattisgarh where the following mined are : 

(i) Iron Ore: Bailadila in Bastar district and Dali Rajhara in Durg district. 

(ii) Bauxite: Surguja & Raigarh.

The largest contribution to the study of development has been made by economists. An economist looks at development in terms of economic progress, which is expressed in terms of enhancement in general productivity level, per capita income, efficiency of a worker, overall improvement in quality of life in general and elimination of poverty in particular. The economists have met with greater success in the formulation of theories and models and have earned greater acceptability in policy formulation.

Factors responsible for the depletion of forests in India are : 

1. Thoughtless and rapid exploitation of forest resources as per the demand of the increasing population. 

2. For acquiring land for agriculture, industries and construction purposes, the forests have been cut down recklessly.

India stands at the head of the Indian Ocean at the very center of the Eastern Hemisphere commanding trade routes running in all directions. It’s location, size and economic resources have made it the most dominating country among the littoral states. It serves as a great linkage between the countries lying on its coasts and further beyond. Thus, the location of India in the Indian Ocean is considered to be significant.

The two minerals mined from the following centers: 

1. Surguja District: coal and bauxite. 

2. Bastar and Durg Districts: iron ore and limestone.

(i) Linear rural settlements develop along a stream, inhabited by different tribal groups or the fishing villages in the coastal areas. 

(ii) Manipur, Balaghat in M.P., Raigarh district in Chhattisgarh.

Dependency ratio is higher in rural areas because : 

1. Birth rates are higher in rural areas. 

2. Large numbers of adults migrate to urban areas in search of jobs. 

3. Adults who migrate return to their rural homes after retirement.

(i) (a) China 

(b) Pakistan

(i) Korba. 

(ii) Bailadia mine. 

(iii) Surguja, Raigarh, Bilaspur.

(a) Western longitude 68° 7′ East. 

(b) Standard Meridian 82° 30′ East. 

(c) Eastern Longitude 97° 25′ East. 

(d) Tropic of cancer 23° 30′ North.

Bhabar Region 

1. It lies along the foot of the Shiwaliks from Indus to Tista, about 8 to 16 kms wide. 

2. It comprises of pebble-studded rocks with porous beds so it is not suited for agriculture.

Tarai Region 

1. It lies to the south of the Bhabar and runs parallel to it, about 20 to 30 kms wide. 

2. It is composed of comparatively finer alluvium and is reclaimed for agriculture.

‘Rainfall in India is Orographic in nature. Example Western Ghats which he parallel to the western coast is in a suitable direction to check the rain bearing monsoon winds. The western slope of it that faces the winds receives heavy rainfall i.e. inore than 200 cms. whereas the leeward side of it is not able to do so as the winds are descending on that slope. This region receives low rainfall.

The four essential conditions for the generation of hydroelectric power are : 

1. There should be a perennial flow of large volumes of water. 

2. The water should fall from a sufficient height. It may be in the form of a natural waterfall or a fall obtained by constructing a dam across the river. It may also be obtained by diverting the water from one river basin to another.

3. A readily available market is an essential requirement for generating hydroelectric power as electricity cannot be stored.

4. It also requires a huge capital investment as it is a capital intensive activity.

Two characteristics of the summer monsoon rainfall are : 

1. It is erratic in nature. 

2. It is mainly orographic in nature/type.

The source of winter rain in Tamil Nadu is N.E. Monsoons which pick up moisture from Bay of Bengal and shed in Tamil Nadu. This rain is beneficial for Rice and Coffee.

Mumbai, Marmagao, Mangalore, /Kochi, etc.

Three advantages of well irrigation are : 

(i) Well is the simplest and the cheapest source of irrigation as the farmer has to pay regularly for canal irrigation which is not the case with well irrigation. 

(ii) Well is an independent source of irrigation and can be used as and when the necessity arises. It is not controlled by other agencies. 

(iii) Several chemicals such as Nitrates, Chlorides, Sulphates are mixed in well water naturally which add to the fertility of the soil.

The communication system contributes to the development of the economy, social relationship and also helps in promoting cultural unity. In the event of any calamity, accident or emergency, instant means of communication flash the news across the globe so that relief can be rushed to the spot immediately.

(i) Mumbai and Delhi. 

(ii) Two factors that led to decline in population growth: 

1. Population stabilization programmes of the government which includes family planning and inverted red triangle policy. 

2. Increasing consciousness among people about the ill-effects of population growth.

The important aspects are : 

1. Encouraging watershed development, rainwater harvesting, water recycling and reuse and conjunctive use of water for sustaining water supply in the long run. 

2. To analyse the impact of developmental plans on environment and to formulate national and regional environmental policies.

The Net shown area of India is 46.5%. Net Forest area of India is 69.78 million hectares or 22.86%.

Two cyclonic systems that affect India are : 

(i) Temperate cyclones — Region : North west of India (Punjab, Haryana) 

(ii) Tropical cyclones — Region : Eastern coast of India (Andhra Pradesh, Tamil Nadu, West Bengal)

Solid --->  liquid, melting

(1) R = \(\frac{V}{I}=\frac{0.5}{40\times10^{-3}}\) = \(\frac{500}{40}\) = 12.5 Ω

(2) R = \(\frac{V}{I}=\frac{0.6}{60\times10^{-3}}\) = \(\frac{600}{60}\) = 10.0 Ω

In order to remove the spherical aberration, the central part of the lens is covered with an opaque object called stop.

Net emf of the cells in each row = 6 V

Since the two rows are connected in parallel. 

Net emf = emf of each row = 6 V

If l₃ and l₂ represent angular momenta of an orbiting electron in III and II Bohr orbits respectively, then l₃: l₂ is 3:2

Energy of photon, E = p x e

6 x 10^-19 = p x 3 x 10⁸

^{\(P = \frac{6\times10^{19}}{3\times10^8}\)} = 2 x 10^-27Ns^-1

void sumEvenNode(Node str) { 

if(str = null) 

return 0; 

else if(str.num % 2 == 0) 

return str.num + sumEvenNode(str.next); 

else 

return 0 + sumEvenNode(str.next);

int countOddNodes(Node myNode){ 

int count = 0 

while(myNode.next != null) { 

if(myNode.num%2 = = 0) { 

count ++; 

} 

myNode= myNode.next; 

} 

return count; 

}

Consequences of Indo-China war in 1962 were as follows : 

China was able to retain de facto control of Aksai Chin. India abandoned the Forward Policy and the de facto borders along the Line of Actual Control. This gave China sole control on its western sector. 

Drastic changes took place in the military system. Defense Minister Krishna Menon resigned for he was blamed for the unpreparedness of the army. Sweeping changes were made in Indian Military system to prepare it for similar conflicts in future. The main aim was to modernize the Indian military system and be prepared for the future. 

Soon after the war, the Government of India passed the Defense of India Act in December 1962, which allowed arresting any person with a Chinese surname, drop of Chinese blood or a Chinese spouse. Thousands of Chinese-Indians were therefore deported or forced to leave India.

Following are the successful events of Hitlers’s policy between 1933 and 1938 : 

The Saar : The Saar, with its rich coalfields, was an industrial area that had been taken from Germany by the Treaty of Versailles and put under the control of the League of Nations. A plebiscite (a vote by the people living in an area to decide the answer to an important question) was to be held after 15 years to decide if it was to be returned to the Germans. The plebiscite was held in January, 1935. The results of the plebiscite showed that over 90% of the population of the Saar wanted to reunite with Germany. Hitler considered this as a great triumph because it was the first of the injustices of the Treaty of Versailles to be reversed. 

The Disarmament Conference- 1932-1934 : The conference first met in February. 1932. The main problem that they were discussing was what to do with Germany. Germany had been involved in the League for 6 years and many people accepted that Germany should be treated more fairly than it was said in the terms of the Treaty of Versailles. The question was, should everyone disarm to the level that Germany had been forced to or should the Germans be allowed to rearm to the level of other countries ? The Germans walked out of the conference in July 1932 when the other countries refused to disarm to the level that Germany had to. In May 1933, Hitler returned to the conference and promised that he wouldn’t rearm if ‘in five years all other nations destroyed their arms’. They refused and Hitler withdrew from the conference in October and not much later, the League of Nations. 

Non-Aggression Pact with Poland 1934 : 

Germany signed a non-aggression pact with Poland in January 1934. 

Hitler signed this for various reasons, including : 

(i) He hoped to weaken the alliance that already existed between Poland and France. 

(ii) He hoped to reduce the Polish fears of German aggression. 

(iii) He wanted to show that he didn’t have a quarrel with Poland, merely the USSR. 

Rearmament: Hitler staged a huge military rally celebrating the armed forces of Germany in 1935. He also reintroduced conscription and announced an army of 550,000 in the same year. An Air Ministry was set up to train pilots and build 1,000 aircraft. Hitler was breaking the terms of the Treaty of Versailles but he believed that he would get away with it due to the collapse of the Disarmament Conference. French, Italian and British representatives meet at the town of Stresa where they agreed to co¬operate to preserve the peace in Europe. They condemned the rearmament of Germany. This was known as the Stresa Front against German aggression. But it didn’t last long. It collapsed due to the Abyssinian Crisis which destroyed the relations between France, Britain and Italy and the Anglo-German Naval Treaty. 

Anglo-German Naval treaty 1935 : Hitler was aware that Britain had some sympathy towards Germany regarding rearmament. Britain believed that the terms of the treaty had been too harsh on Germany and that a strong Germany would be a buffer against Communism. In 1935, Britain signed a naval agreement with Germany. This allowed the Germans to have navy fleet up to 35% of the size of the British fleet and had the same number of submarines. The British were accepting Hitler’s breach of the Treaty. 

The Remilitarisation of the Rhineland 1936 : On 7th of March, 1936, Hitler moved German troops back into the demilitarised area of the Rhineland. This was a risk for Hitler as it was clearly a breach of the terms of the Treaty of Versailles. Also, the German army consisted of only 22,000 men and if the French army had reacted then there would have been no opposition. The men were also under strict orders to withdraw if they were faced with any opposition. But, neither the French nor British did anything. The troops remained in the Rhineland. Anschluss with Austria 1938 : Hitler was Austrian bom and he wished to see Germany and Austria united as one country.

Hitler suffered a setback in July 1934 when his ambition of an Anschluss (union) between Germany and Austria met with constraints. 

The Austrian Nazis were encouraged by Hitler to revolt and murder the Chancellor, Engelbert Dollfuss, who had been supported by Mussolini. 

When Mussolini advanced his troops to the Austrian frontiers and warned the Germans off, the revolt subsided. Hitler realised that Germany was not strong enough to force the concern. 

Hitler also denied responsibility for the actions of the Austrian Nazis’. 

When Hitler saw that his intervention in Spain had not been resisted by the powers, he came forward to fulfill his plan of uniting of Austria with Germany. Thus Nazi agitation was encouraged within Austria and the Austrian Chancellor was compelled to agree to conduct foreign affairs at Germany’s direction and also to appoint a Nazi minister. . 

Finally on 14 March, 1938, Hitler poured troops into Austria and incorporated Austria within German Empire. In this way ‘Anschluss’ was complete. The annexation of Austria was a prelude to the annexation of Czechoslovakia in near future.

(a) Advantages of Branding: 

1. It saves time and efforts of consumers as they can identify and recognise the product to be purchased. 

2. Branding is the basis of advertising and other techniques of mass selling. 

3. Branding helps to minimise selling cost by reducing dependence on middlemen. 

4. Branding insures uniform standards of quality and designs to consumers. 

5. Branded products are invariable packed which prevents adulteration and helps to prevent adulteration and helps to preserve the quality of the product. (any two)

(b) The two uses of group discussions in selecting employees for a concern are as follows: 

1. In an interview, the candidate gets no opportunity to participate and show his leadership ability. 

2. Group discussion is widely used to screen candidates for admission into management schools. 

(c) Two limitations of a budget: 

1. Budget estimates are generally based on the price level at a particular point of time. These estimates may become meaningless when there is either inflation or depression in the market. 

2. In order to keep with in budget limits, they may overlook the goals of the organisation. In such cases, budgetary goals supersede enterprise goals and budgets obstruct the attainment of objectives. 

(d) Overdraft means an arrangement under which a current account holder is allowed to withdraw more than the balance to his credit upto the specified limit. Overdraft is allowed for a short period and interest is charged on it. Commercial Banks provide overdraft facility on the security of some assets or on the personal security of the account holder. 

(e) The main objectives of training are as follows: 

1. To prepare employees for the right jobs by imparting the required knowledge and skills. 

2. To enable employees to work more efficiently on their present jobs by exposing them to the latest concepts and techniques.

Ideal Machine : It is a machine in which work done on the machine is equal to the work done by the machine.

We know

W = Fd cosθ

Since force is normal to displacement. so θ = 90°

Hence work done, W = Fd cos 90°= θ

(i) Compensation of employees: It is defined as all payments made by producers to their employees in the form of wages and salaries and other payments made in cash and kind and social security benefits in return for labour services. Labour income includes wages and salaries, supplementary labour income and payment in kind. 

(ii) Operating surplus: It is the income earned from the ownership and control of capital and is also known as income from property and entrepreneurship. Capital income includes interest, rent, profits, royalties, dividends and other similar incomes.

Private income is the total of factor income from all sources and current transfers from the government and the rest of the world added to the private sector. Personal disposable income is that part of the personal income which is available to the individuals to be used the way they like for consumption and savings.

(i) Only factor incomes which are earned by rendering productive services are included. All types of transfer income are excluded. 

(ii) Sale and purchase of secondhand goods are excluded since they are not part of the production of the current year. Likewise, sale proceeds of shares and bonds are not included.

(iii) Imputed rent of owners occupied dwellings and value of production for self consumption are included but the value of self-consumed services is not included.

Personal disposable income is that part of personal income which is available to the households for disposal as like. 

Personal Disposable Income – Personal Tax Payments – Non-tax Payments.

1. Land is a passive factor of production, as it itself cannot produce any thing. It is the labour who makes use of land. Land is an indestructible factor of production, as land is “never destroyed. It will never be out of use. 

2. Two main characteristics of land which distinguish it from other factors of production:

1. Land is Immobile: Land cannot physically move from one place to another whereas capital, labour and entrepreneur are all mobile factors of production.

2. Effect of Laws of Returns: Since land is a fixed factor of production, the laws of returns are more effectively applicable on it. Use of capital and labour etc. can be varied over time.

3. Importance of Land as a factor of Production—In every kind of production, we have to use land. 

Therefore land is a basic factor of production. 

1. In industries, it helps to provide raw material. 

2. It provide space/surface for setting up the sites for industrial infrastructure. 

3. In Agriculture, land is considered as the main factor of production as crops are produced on land. 

4. All sources of power i.e. hydro electricity, thermal power, diesel, coal, oil, etc. emanate from land.

Fundamentally speaking, ‘land’ is the original source of all material wealth and it is of immense rise to mankind. In spite of being a passive factor, it is an important factor of production. An overall economic prosperity of a country is directly related to the richness of its natural resources.