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Correct option is (c) HPV infection

To EXPLAIN: The only recombinant VACCINE that proved highly effective and is currently approved for human use is the vaccine against HBV infection. It INCLUDES the recombinant HEPATITIS B virus surface ANTIGEN (HBsAg), made by DNA-transfected yeast or mammalian cells.

The correct CHOICE is (a) True

For EXPLANATION: DPT (also DTP and DTwP) is a class of combination vaccines against three infectious diseases in HUMANS: diphtheria, pertussis (whooping cough), and tetanus. A combination VACCINE is one which can provide immunogenicity to more than one type of disease. Some more examples of recombination vaccines are DTaP, Hep-B.

Right answer is (a) Stephen Johnston

Best EXPLANATION: Stephen Johnston’s group saw that when mice are inoculated with plasmid DNA encoding human growth hormone, the mice is able to produce antibodies against this hormone. It was the FIRST demonstration of a plasmid-induced immune response was when mice inoculated with a plasmid expressing human growth hormone ELICITED antibodies instead of faltering growth.

The correct ANSWER is (a) ALBERT Calmette and Camille Guérin

The EXPLANATION is: The BCG vaccine was developed by French bacteriologists Albert Calmette and Camille Guérin. They named the vaccine or the product BACILLUS Calmette-Guérin, or BCG.

Correct CHOICE is (d) Mental illness

Explanation: Recombinant engineered vaccines are being EXTENSIVELY explored, especially to ERADICATE infectious DISEASES, ALLERGIES, and cancers. Recombinant vaccines are manufactured by the recombinant DNA process. The vaccine will be able to provide immunogenicity to more diseases.

Right choice is (a) True

The best I can explain: A manipulation of genes of a weakened or killed pathogen, such as bacteria or virus that upon administration to a HUMAN body or any other animal will stimulate antibody production or cellular immunity against the pathogen. But this will be INCAPABLE of causing any severe disease or INFECTION are known as RECOMBINANT engineered VACCINES.

Correct ANSWER is (d) Molecular pathogenicity of the disease and the disease-causing organism

The EXPLANATION is: Key information required to develop a vaccine are: molecular pathogenicity of the disease or disease-causing organism (50%) and unique immunologic RESPONSE from host (50%). The unique immunologic response from the host will DECIDE the dosage form for the PARTICULAR patient.

Correct answer is (d) FDA- Food and DRUG Administration

To explain I would say: Food and Drug Administration (FDA) sets RULES for the THREE phases of CLINICAL trials to ensure the SAFETY of the volunteers. Every researcher or manufacturer has to get a drug approved by the FDA. FDA sets rules for the manufacturing guidelines.

The correct choice is (a) Influenza

The explanation: Influenza VACCINE is INACTIVATED virus; measles, MUMPS, and chicken pox vaccines are LIVE- attenuated viruses. Inactivated viruses are inactive to cause any diseases. They have their cell membrane proteins intact.

Right choice is (d) Attenuated, inactivated, portions of protein, polysaccharides

Explanation: There are 3 main types of vaccine: live-attenuated vaccines; inactivated vaccines; and subunit, recombinant, POLYSACCHARIDE, and CONJUGATE vaccines. The vaccine is something which will activate the immune system up to the MEMORY level. So that memory CELLS are PRODUCED in the body to protect from any further infection.

Correct choice is (c) Jenner

Explanation: Edward Jenner introduced small POX which was the first SUCCESSFUL vaccine for SMALLPOX in the year 1796. He injected cowpox virus into a boy and then he FOUND out he has become immune to smallpox. That is how the smallpox vaccine was INVENTED.

Correct OPTION is (B) Virus

Explanation: Small pox was an infectious DISEASE. It was caused by one or two variants of Variola major and Variola minor. It was a major disease in earlier DAYS. But DUE to the invention of Edward Jenner and other recent developments, it was completely wiped out from the country.

Right option is (d) COST, transportation, storage

Explanation: The disadvantages of recombinant PROTEIN or polypeptide vaccines are: their cost is very high and often prohibitive since they are produced by either bacterial FERMENTATION or in ANIMAL cell cultures. They have to be stored at low temperatures. This makes their storage and transportation problematic.

Correct answer is (c) B

The explanation is: Cholera enterotoxin (PRODUCED by Vibrio cholerae) consists of three polypeptides: A1, A2 and B polypeptides. The A polypeptides are TOXIC, while the B polypeptide is nontoxic but immunogenic. THUS, we can use the B polypeptide for the MANUFACTURE of vaccines.

The correct answer is (b) False

For explanation I would say: GENERALLY, the whole PROTEIN molecule is not necessary for immunogenicity; the immunogenic property is usually confined to a small portion of the protein molecule. Thus, the whole of the ORGANISM is not needed to inject into the patient body. It may be harmful. Thus, it is better to have PROTEINS to cause immunogenic ACTION.

The CORRECT answer is (b) Yeast

Explanation: The HPV protein-encoding genes are expressed in the yeast VECTORS to CREATE large AMOUNTS of protein, which are then purified and used in the VACCINE.

Right option is (a) HPV- 6, 11, 16, 18

To ELABORATE: There are various strains of HPV and Gardasil PROTECTS against HPV types 6, 11, 16 and 18 in both males and females. These can then be purified and used in the vaccine. After their invention of GARDASIL, BREAST cancers at initial STAGES are completely CURABLE.

The correct ANSWER is (b) RECOMBINANT vector vaccines

Easy explanation: The Hepatitis B vaccine currently used in the UNITED States called Gardasil is a recombinant vaccine. A recombinant vector vaccine is manufactured by the recombinant DNA process. It can be effective against many more than one form of the disease.

Right ANSWER is (d) Mammalian, yeast and bacterial cells

Explanation: Virus proteins have been expressed in bacteria, yeast, mammalian cells, and viruses. This helps in the generation of VACCINES. Bacterial cells help in RAPID growth and thus the rapid yield of the vaccine. Yeast gives US a post-translational modification. Mammalian cells are hard to culture but some of the proteins can easily be MANUFACTURED in mammalian cell culture.

Correct answer is (d) Pablo DT Valenzuela

To explain: Pablo DT Valenzuela, Research DIRECTOR of CHIRON Corporation: succeeded in making the antigen in yeast. THUS they invented the world’s first recombinant VACCINE. The blood-derived hepatitis B vaccine was WITHDRAWN then from the marketplace.