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First Opium War:

i. The British merchants used to sell Opium brought from India into the Chinese market. 

ii. The Chinese people exchanged silver to buy Opium which led to a stream of silver export to England. 

iii. The Chinese government, was against this business, however, European traders continued to smuggle Opium into China. 

iv. This led to the First Opium War between England and China in the year 1839. 

v. In this war, China was defeated, which compelled the Manchu empire to sign a treaty with England in 1842 known as the ‘Nanking Treaty’. 

vi. According to this treaty, England was given the control of four ports along with Canton port. England also won the Hong Kong island.

vii. Taking advantage of these developments, in the following ten years, America, France, Belgium, Holland, Portugal and Russia sought commercial concessions from China.

Second Opium War:

i. In the year 1856, England and France had a war against China. This was known as the Second Opium war. 

ii. The war came to an end with the defeat of the Manchu emperor and the Peking Treaty. 

iii. By this treaty, another group of six Chinese ports were opened for the foreign traders. 

iv. The business of Opium was given permission. The foreign envoys were allowed to stay in Peking. 

v. The Christian missionaries were given security and freedom of spreading their religion.

(i - c), 

(ii - a), 

(iii - b)

i. China was economically dominated and exploited by various imperial nations. 

ii. England controlled the business and excise of China. 

iii. France had the Chinese postal service under its authority. 

iv. Chinese railways were dominated by Europe.

Thus, China was divided under the power sectors of the imperial nations and this event is known as the “Cutting of Chinese Melon”.

i. The Portuguese sailor, Bartholomew Dias undertook the mission of discovering India. 

ii. However, he could only reach upto Cape of Good Hope.

i. Constantinople (Istanbul) was the shortest route to Asia.

ii. It was captured by Ottoman Turks in the year 1453.

iii. Due to this, the route was closed down for the European traders and the European trade came to a halt.

i. In the olden times, the Kings had the ambition of dominating the neighbouring or distant regions.

ii. This royal ambition gave rise to the Greek, Roman and Turkish empires.

i. The source of inspiration of the traditional imperialism consisted of regional pride and display of the army.

ii. The Kings and Emperors gave less importance to the acquisition of wealth and financial profits, while expanding their territories.

Japan was a backward plutocratic nation. 

Japan was known as a ‘recluse’ nation.

i. Commodore Matthew Perry, chief of the American naval mission to Japan, first came to the Gulf of Edo in 1853.

ii. He made a request to the Japanese government to ensure safety to the American ships within the marine boundaries of Japan and to provide business concessions.

iii. The policy consisted of equal rights for all nations to trade in China.

Except Russia, all the imperial nations, showed their acceptance towards this policy and hence, China remained undivided.

In 1853, Commodore Matthew Perry first came to gulf of Edo in Japan.

In the year 1852, Commodore Matthew Perry, was appointed as the Chief of the American naval mission to Japan.

The Chinese society was moulded in the ancient Confucian philosophy.

The capitalist expansion moulded a new form of Imperialism.

The industrial upheaval gave rise to capitalism.

The imperialism in the modern period is a result of Industrial revolution. 

Imperialism was caused by colonialism.

The Portuguese Sailor Ferdinand Magellan, was killed during his voyage. 

(i - b), 

(ii - d), 

(iii - a)

Maharaja Ranjit Singh died in the year 1839 .

During imperialism, England controlled the business and excise of China.

i. The places where Portuguese imposed their rule in India were Goa, Daman and Diu islands.

ii. The areas dominated by French during their stay in India were Chandranagar, Pondicherry (Pudducheri), Karraikal, Yenam and Mahe.

The second opium war was fought in the year 1856 .

i. In the 15th century, Christopher Columbus, John Cabot and Amerigo Vespucci discovered the northern, eastern and central parts of the American continent respectively.

ii. Between 1606 - 1732, England set up thirteen colonies in the eastern coast of North America.

iii. Vasco da Gama discovered the sea route to India.

iv. Ferdinand Magellan, a Portuguese Sailor set out a voyage to circumnavigate the earth. However, he was killed during the voyage and his companions completed his dream project.

v. Spain, Portugal, Holland, England and France also established many colonies in the newly discovered regions.

In India, the East India Company was established by Britain in the year 1600 AD.

The European nations created imperial domination over the Asian and African continents in various ways. 

Some of these are as given below:

i. Political Dominance: The European nations imposed political dependence, ensured security to nations and executed ‘Divide and Rule’ Policy for gaining profits.

ii. Business Monopoly (Control of Trade): The European nations brought compulsory business agreements, thereby creating business monopoly.

iii. Propagation of Religion: The European nations propagated christianity, thereby imposing their imperial culture on the nations of Asia and Africa.

iv. Economic Dominance: European Nations adopted the policy of economic imperialism by which they economically dominated the colonies in the following manner:

a. Capturing the colonies for raw materials and selling the finished products in the colonial markets. 

b. Taking possession of the places with military importance.

v. Financial Policy: The European nations improved their financial situation by imposing restrictions on the colonies and securing trade concessions.

i. One country’s people dominating the other country’s specific territories and settling down there means colonization.

ii. After colonization, the dominating country establishes its economic control and military power to extend its territories.

iii. Imperialism was carried out through colonization whereby, many European nations established their colonies in the Asian and African continents.

The Dutch established their control over the South-east Asian islands.

i. The European nations were bent upon spreading Christianity throughout the world.

ii. They believed that white man’s religion and culture were superior.

iii. The British put their foot in India with ‘a pair of scales and a copy of the Bible’. The Bible stood for the propagation of Christian religion.

iv. Establishment of the colonies was followed by the entry of missionaries.

v. The Europeans established several missions with the sole purpose of propagating their religion.

Asian nations were rich in the production of spices.

The European nations wanted to spread christianity throughout the world.

The greatness of a nation was decided by the number of colonies under it.

England set up its colonies in the Niger river basin of Africa.

(i - c),

(ii - a), 

(iii - b)

i. The American war of Independence, French Revolution and the Industrial Revolution have played a key role in the modern history of the world.

ii. Industrial revolution was a significant development during the eighteenth century. Imperialism was a result of this revolution.

On the assumption of Coparnicus, the earth is not flat but round, the navigators discovered unknown regions in the world.

Science motivated the creation of modern weapons.

Portuguese King Henry motivated the navigators.

i. After Portuguese, the traders from France, England, Holland, Belgium and Russia started setting up commercial centres in coastal regions of China.

ii. However, China did not allow any country to interfere into its internal region for almost two hundred years.

iii. The Chinese society was moulded in the ancient Confucian philosophy. 

iv. The eight-point regulation announced by China imposed several restrictions on Europeans. 

v. Those who wanted to enter into China were made to pay tributes to the Chinese Emperor.

The traders in Europe were curious to begin trade in the eastern nations. 

The terrestrial way, a short route to Asia was closed down for the European traders.

David Livingstone discovered the regions around Congo, Tanganyika and Nyasa lakes.