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Energy is the most important component of economic infrastructure. It is a critical aspect of the development process of a nation. It is essential for industries as no commodity is produced without using energy. Now days, energy is used even in the agricultural sector. It is needed to operate tube-wells, tractors and thrashers. It is also required in houses for cooking. One cannot even think of a day without electricity and other sources of energy like petrol, LPG, etc. Therefore, we can say that energy is the lifeline of the entire production activity.

Electric power transmission and distribution losses refer to the losses that occur in transmission between the sources of supply and points of distribution. In other words, the loss of power that arises due to the inherent resistance and transformation inefficiencies in the electrical conductors and distribution transformers respectively are called transmission and distribution losses.  

The following measures should be taken to reduce power transmission and distribution losses;

(i) Improved technology of transmission and distribution should be used.  

(ii) Electricity distribution network should be privatized. This will infuse efficiency, thereby, eliminating wastage.  

(iii) The trustworthy employees should handle theft cases of electricity strictly. Strict imposition of fines and penalties should be imposed.

The rate of consumption of energy is crucial for economic growth or development process of a nation. The consumption of renewable sources of energy is related to sustainable economic development. The renewable sources of energy are free from pollution and health hazard.  

Also, energy consumption is essential for promoting agriculture and industrial process. Hence, more use of renewable source of energy leads to more sustained economic development.

Global Burden of Disease (GBD) is an indicator used by the experts to measure the number of people dying prematurely due to a particular disease. This also includes the number of years spent by them in a state of disability due to various diseases. India bears a frightening 20 % of the GBD. More than half of the GBD is accounted by communicable diseases such as diarrhea, malaria and tuberculosis.

Agricultural marketing does not simply refer to the farmers' act of bringing their product to the market for the purpose of sale. However, it also includes all those activities that help the farmers to fetch the maximum price for their product. 

The following are some of the obstacles that hinder the mechanism of agricultural marketing:  

Farmers are vulnerable to defective weighing techniques and misappropriation of accounts. 

Farmers are often ill informed about market prices and market conditions. Being ignorant, farmers are forced to sell their product at lower prices.  

The farmers lack access to proper storage facilities to store their produce for future sell at  better prices.  

The farmers cannot avail agricultural credit, leading to their exploitation by the moneylenders and Mahajan’s.

In recent years, India has embarked upon the development of vast health infrastructure.. This is evident from the fall in the death rate, infant mortality rate and rise in life expectancy. But more need to be done in the field of health care. The following are some of the deficiencies in the Indian health care:  

(i) Unequal Distribution of Health Care Services: The health care services are unequally distributed across rural and urban areas. Rural areas that supports 70 % of the population, has  only 1/5th of the hospitals. Further, the doctor-population ratio is as worse as  1:2,000. This implies that for every 2,000 people, there is only one doctor in India. Only half of the dispensaries are set up in villages. Most of the health care facilities have been confined mostly to the urban areas.  

(ii) Communicable Diseases: various communicable diseases like AIDS (Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome), HIV (Human Immune Deficiency Syndrome), and SARS (Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome) have made their way to India.. All these deadly diseases pose serious threat to t human capital reserve, thereby, impeding economic growth.  

(iii) Poor Management: The health care centers lack trained and skilled personnel in the rural areas. Therefore, rural people have to rush to the urban health care centers. This becomes worse in the absence of proper roads and other cost-effective means of transportation.  

(iv) Lack of Modern Techniques and Facilities: The government health centers are usually devoid of the basic facilities like blood testing, X-rays, etc. These centers lack modern techniques and medical facilities like, CT-scan, sonography, etc. In order to avail these services, people need to depend on the private hospitals that charge exorbitant fees.

(v) Privatization: The inability of the government to provide sufficient health care centers and other medical facilities paved the way for the private sector to step in. The private sector is governed by price signals, thereby, catering to the need of the higher income group, leaving the low-income group and the poor at their own mercy. This is due to the privatization of the health care sector the private hospitals are attracting more patients than the government hospitals as the government hospitals are devoid of facilities.

Health is the ability of a biological system to acquire, convert, allocate, distribute, and utilize energy with maximum efficiency. It is not only the absence of disease but also the ability to realize one’s potential. It is a yardstick of ones well-being. Health status of a country can be assessed through indicators such as infant mortality rate, maternal mortality rate, life expectancy and nutritional levels, along with the incidence of communicable and non- communicable diseases.

Half of the total population in India constitutes women. Women are lagging behind in education, health care, and economic participation as compared to men. The child sex ratio has declined from 927 in 2001 to 914 as revealed by the 2011 census, showing the growing incidents of female foeticide in the country. The married women population close to 3,00,000 have already given birth to one child. About 50 % of the married women between the age of 15 and 49 suffer from anemia. This resulted in 19 % of maternal deaths. The major cause of maternal morbidity and mortality in India is abortions. These factors point towards the women's health due to which it has become a matter of great concern.

The following are the six systems of medicines constituted by ISM (Indian Systems of Medicines).  

a. Ayurveda  

b. Yoga  

c. Siddha  

d. Naturopathy  

e. Unani  

f. Homeopathy  

Ayurveda is one of the traditional systems of medicine that is still used in India. It is a holistic way to achieve health through body, mind and spirit. The ayurvedic practitioners recommend  diet and lifestyle changes along with drug therapy. They have identified a number of medicinal preparations and surgical procedures for curing various ailments and diseases that cannot be completely curable in other medical systems. The methods of ayurveda such as applying herbs and massage can also be applied along with other systems.  

Yoga as an art originated and was practised in India from thousand years. It has references in  'Upanishads' and 'Puranas' composed by Indian Aryans in the Vedic period. The main credit for systematizing yoga goes to Patanjali who wrote 'Yoga Sutra ', two thousand years ago. Yoga Sutra is the most important basic text on Yoga. It is through this means that the essential message of yoga is spread throughout the world. It is defined as an art of righteous living or an integrated system for the benefit of the body, mind and inner spirit.  

Siddha comes from the word Siddhi which means an object to attain perfection or heaven. This is the oldest among the Indian Medical Systems namely Ayurveda and Unani. It is also known as Siddha Vaidya in India and also the oldest medical system in the world. As nowadays, people's preference to natural health remedies and herbal health remedies is increasing day by day, Siddha has emerged as an important and unique system of Indian medicine when compared to other traditional medical systems in existence.

Naturopathy deals with the healing power of nature as it assumes that all healing powers are within our body. This means that within every human organism there is a healing energy. Naturopathy regards that when we go against nature only then we fall ill. 'Fasting' has been described as Nature's way to recover. A thorough rest that includes fasting is the most favorable condition in which an ailing body can purify and recover itself.  

Unani has a long and impressive record in India. It was introduced in India around 10th century A.D. with the spread of Islamic civilization. Now Unanipathy has become an important part of Indian Systems of Medicine. India is one of the leading countries in terms of its popularity. It is very much similar to our Ayurveda . Unani established that disease is a natural process and that the symptoms are the reactions of the body to the disease.  

Homeopathy consists of two words 'Homeo' meaning similar and 'Pathos' meaning suffering or treatment.In this system, a drug and a disease that produce similar symptoms cancels each other. It is popular among the people due to its remarkable healing capacity. Also, its remedies are free from side effects.

The critical challenges faced by the power sector in India are as follows: 

(i) The installed capacity of India to generate electricity is not sufficient to meet an annual economic growth of 7%. 

(ii) The State Electricity Boards (SEBs) that distribute electricity suffered a great loss of more than Rs.500 billion due to transmission and distribution of electricity.  

(iii) The wrong pricing of electricity like supply of electricity at subsidized rates to agricultural sector and theft of electricity has exaggerated the problems of power sector.  

(iv) The high power tariffs and prolonged power cuts is another challenge in the power sector.  

(v) The thermal power station faces the scarcity of the raw materials to generate electricity.

The three basic sources of generating power are thermal, hydro-electric, and nuclear power. The thermal power uses heat energy as its base for the production of electricity. Hydro-electric power involves production of electricity through the use of kinetic force of falling water. In addition, the nuclear power involves the use of sustained nuclear fission to generate electricity.  

The thermal sources, hydro and wind power and nuclear power accounts for 70%, 16% and 2% of the power generation capacity respectively in India.

 When the resources are extracted at more rapid pace than its regeneration, then we say that the carrying capacity of the environment reduces. The environment fails to perform its function of sustaining life and this results in an environmental crisis. These environmental crises are the result of a fall in the carrying and absorptive capacity of the environment. In today's scenario, the rate of consumption of resources is faster than the rate of their production. Consequently, the resources get exhausted quickly. On the other hand, renewable resources get renewed or replenished quickly. These are unlimited and are not affected by human activities, such as solar and wind energy. Hence, energy crises can be overcome by the increased use of cost-effective technology of searching the renewable resources of energy.