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Indus civilisation is called Bronze age civilisation because it is a historical period characterized by the use of articles made of bronze.

(a) Statement and Reason are correct

1. To see under the ground, the archaeologists may use a magnetic scanner.

2. The presence and absence of archaeological remains can be detected by Radar and Remote Sensing Method.

1. Archaeologists study the physical objects such as bricks, stones or bits of broken pottery to ascertain the time that they belong to.

2. They search the ancient literary sources for references about the place.

3. They look at the aerial photographs to understand topography.

4. To see under the ground, they may use a magnetic scanner.

1. Ziggurat means temple.

2. In Mesopotami King Ur Nammu built Ziggurat in honour of the Moon God Sin.

(d) all the three

(d) Many civilisations flourished on river valleys.

(a) Statement and reason are correct.

1. Mesopotamian civilization

2. Alexander cunningham

3. Granaries

4. Community

1. iv 

2. iii 

3. i 

4. ii

1. True 

2. True 

3. True 

4. False

1. Rakhigarh is a village in Haryana.

2. A granary with walls made of mud, bricks, which are still in a good condition, , has been discovered here.

1. Agriculture was one of their main occupations. They cultivated wheat, barley, millets, sesame and pulses.

2. There were granaries to store food grains. A granary has been discovered in a village in the state of Haryana. Ploughs have been unearthed. All these things show that agriculture was one of their occupations.

A naval dockyard shows the maritime activities of the Indus people. It stands as a proof for their maritime trade.

1. Gold and Silver were used to make ornaments.

2. They used copper and bronze to make weapons and vessels.

3. Bronze was used to make statues. 

Example: Statue of a dancing girl.

Raw food : Fruits and vegetables like apple, carrot, cucumber etc.

Baked food : Bread, Bun, Cake, Cookie, Pudding etc.

1. False 

2. True 

3. True 

4. True

Yes, people belonging to some religions worship animals and trees.

1. The cities had covered drains.

2. They were covered with slabs or bricks.

3. There were manholes at regular intervals to clean the drains.

4. Every house had its own soak pit, which collected all the sediments and allowed only the water to flow into the street drain.

1. River valley had fertile soil. Agriculture grew well in these regions.

2. Fresh water was available for drinking, Watering livestock and irrigation.

3. Easy movement of people and goods was possible.

They used wheels.

Burnt bricks are strong, hard, durable, to resistant to fire and will not dissolve in water or rain.

Humans started breeding dogs to help with hunting, herding, standing guard and carrying stuff.

Historians believe that there existed a central authority that controlled planning of towns and overseas trade, maintenance of drainage and peace in the city.

1. The great bath was a large, rectangular tank in a courtyard. It may be the earliest example of a waterproof structure.

2. The bath was lined with bricks, coated with plaster and made watertight using layers of natural bitumen.

3. There were steps on the north and south leading into the tank.

4. There were rooms oh three sides.

5. Water was drawn from the well, located in the courtyard and drained out after use.

1. Cotton

2. Harappa

3. Banks of River Indus.

4. OX, Buffalo

5. Iron

6. Potter’s wheel

7. Indus Valley Civilization

(a) Lamp post

1. In Indus Valley archaeologists have discovered lamp posts at intervals. This suggests the existence of street lights.

2. Today street lighting commonly uses high intensity discharge lamps often HPS—high pressure sodium lamps.

(b) Burnt bricks

(i) In Harappan Civilization, the houses were built using baked bricks and ’mortar. Sun dried bricks were also used, Most of the bricks were of uniform size. They used the burnt bricks which were strong, hard, durable, resistant to fire and would not dissolve in water.

(ii) Even at present, brick is the most basic and favoured material for common construction through out the world. Nowadays bricks are available in different sizes and shapes. Kiln burnt bricks are used.

(c) Underground drainage system

(i) In Indus Civilization, they had covered drains. The drains were covered with slabs or bricks. Each drain had a gentle slope. Manholes were provided at regular intervals to clear the drain.

(ii) At present our cities and town are so populated and congested that conducting any infrastructural improvement over ground or underground is becoming difficult.

(d) Weights and measurement,

(i) Indus people used standardised weights and measures. They used sticks with marks to measure length.

(ii) In the modem world, we use electronic weighing machine to have accuracy in weighing.

Floor scales and Platform scales are used in industries and small scale industries respectively.

(e) Dockyard

(i) A naval dockyard has been discovered in Lothal in Gujarath. It shows the maritime activities of the Indus people.

(ii) In modem days, there are may well developed ports in India. To quote a few, Chennai port, Kandla port, Tuticorin port, Cochin port, Paradip port etc.

If I were an archaeologist I would go to Adichanallur which is located in our district and do excavation there.

1. I like the drainage system very much.

2. Most of the drains were covered with slabs or bricks. Even after nearly 5000 years many of the modern cities don’t have covered drains.

3. It is said that each house had its own soak pit, which collected all the sediments and allowed only the water to flow into the street drain. I like this system very much.

1. King Naram – sin of Akkadian empire has written about buying jewellery from the land of Melukha which is a region of the Indus valley.

2. The same types of seals found in Mesopotamia have been also found in the Indus area.

3. A naval dockyard has been discovered in Lothal in Gujarat. All these things show that Indus people traded with other countries.

(a) Copper, bronze, silver, gold; but not iron

1. Ralibangan (Rajasthan) 

2. Dholavira (Gujarat).

1. Pottery was practised using the potter’s wheel. It was well fired.

2. Potteries were red colour with beautiful designs in black.

3. The broken pieces of pottery have animal figures and geometric designs on it.

4. All these reveal the fact that the Indus people had very good artistic skill, colour concept and rich imagination.