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The morphologically, genetically and structurally essentially identical chromosomes present in a diploid cell are called homologous chromosomes.

The cross of Fx progeny with any of the parents, irrespective of being dominant or recessive, is called back cross.

The genes located on non-homologous region of Y chromosomes are known as holandric genes or Y-linked genes.

Linkage is defined as the tendency of the genes to be inherited together because they are present in the same chromosome.

X chromosome of Drosophila males show complete linkage.

The number of linkage group corresponds to the haploid number of chromosomes. Honey bee’s haploid chromosomes number is 16 and thus it has 16 linkage groups.

The genes present on the same chromosome and inherited together are called linkage group.

Correct answer is (b) 2n + 1

Correct answer is (d) 44 autosomes and X chromosome

(b) Inheritance

• Single inheritance: A derived class with only one base class is called single inheritance
• Multiple inheritance: A class can inherit properties from more than one class which is known as multiple inheritance.

The one advantage of inheritance is reusability.

No, because it doesn’t support object oriented concept.

The private access specifier means “Public and Protected Parts of base class remain Private in derived class”.

class student(object):

# constructor to create an object def init (self):

self.mo=0

self.m1=0

self.m2=0

def get(self):

self.mo=int(raw_input(“Enter the Roll no:”))

print “Enter 2 marks”

self.m1=int(raw_input(“Markl?”))

self.m2=int(raw_input(“Mark2 ?”))

classsports(object):

# Sports mark

def_init_(self):

self.sm=0

def getsm(self):

self.sm=int(raw_input(“Enter the sports mark:”))

class statement(student,sports):

def_init_(self):

super(statement,self)._init_()

def display (self):

tot=(self.ml+self.m2+self.sm); avg=tot/3;

print“\n\n\tRoll No. : ”,

self.mo,“\n\tTotal :”,tot print“\tAverage : ”,avg

obj=statement()

obj.get()

obj.getsm()

obj. display()

The private members of a base class cannot be inherited and protected members remain protected in a derived class.

It means “public parts of base class remain public and protected parts of base class remain protected for derived class”.

The private member of a base class cannot be inherited to the derived class and protected member of a base class remains protected in a derived class.

In public access mode, protected members of base class remain protected in a derived class. In private access mode, protected members of a base class become private members in a derived class. And the private members of a base class cannot be inherited in both the access mode.

When a class inherit properties from more than one class is known as multiple inheritance.

(c) y, x, x, z

It is the combination of hierarchical and multilevel inheritance. For example, The derived class D derive from the classes B and C whereas both the classes B and C are derived from base class A.

It is the combination of hierarchical and multilevel inheritance.

Member functions that can be accessed are:

1. public member functions of branch

have_data();

give_data();

2. public member functions of author:

getdata();

putdata();

A class that is used as the basis for inheritance is called a superclass or base class.

Output:

I am class A

I am class B

X = 30 Y = 20

Bye Bye

Bye

(a) derived class

(b) destructor

When the properties of one class are inherited by more than one class, it is called hierarchical inheritance. For example, class B, C and D are derived from base class A.

When the properties of one class are inherited by more than, one class, it is called hierarchical inheritance.

Output:

My profession is:

Teacher My age is: 20

I can walk I can talk.

I can teach computer.

My profession is: Footballer

My age is: 19

I can walk 

I can talk.

I can play football.

(b) this pointer

The data members that can be accessed is bphone[2][10].

Multilevel Inheritance:

In multilevel inheritance, the constructors will be executed in the order of inheritance.

Multiple Inheritance:

If there are multiple base classes, then it starts executing from the left most base class.

(d) single inheritance

Base class of marks: → Personal

Base class of Result: → Marks

Derived classes: → Marks and Results

The derived class is a power packed class, as it can add additional attributes and methods and thus enhance its functionality.

When more than one derived classes are created from a single base class, it is known as Hierarchical inheritance.

Multilevel inheritance.

1. Multiple inheritance.

2. Private for publisher.

Public for branch

3. branch(); // constructor of branch class

publisher (); // constructor of publisher class

author (); // constructor of author class

∼author (); // destructor of author class

∼publisher (); // destructor of publisher class 

∼branch (); // destructor of branch class

4. Base class(/es): branch and publisher Derived class (/es): author.

Types of Inheritance:

There are different types of inheritance viz., Single inheritance, Multiple inheritance, Multilevel inheritance, hybrid inheritance and hierarchical inheritance.

1. Single Inheritance : When a derived class inherits only from one base class, it is known as single inheritance.

2. Multiple Inheritance : When a derived class inherits from multiple base classes it is known as multiple inheritance.

3. Hierarchical inheritance : When more than one derived classes are created from a single base class, it is known as Hierarchical inheritance.

4. Multilevel Inheritance : The transitive nature of inheritance is itself reflected by this form of inheritance. When a class is derived from a class which is a derived class then it is referred to as multilevel inheritance.

5. Hybrid inheritance : When there is a combination of more than one type of inheritance, it is known as hybrid inheritance.

6. Hence, it may be a combination of Multilevel and Multiple inheritance or Hierarchical and Multilevel inheritance or Hierarchical, Multilevel and Multiple inheritance.

Polymorphism:

• Reusability of code is implemented through functions (or) methods.
• Polymorphism is the ability of a function to respond differently to different message.
• Polymorphism is achieved through overloading. 

Inheritance:

• Reusability of code is implemented through classes. 
• Inheritance is the process of creating derived classes from the base class or classes.
• Inheritance is achieved by various types of inheritances namely single, multiple, multilevel, hybrid and hierarchical inheritances.

Private visibility mode:

When a base class is inherited with private visibility mode the public and protected members of the base class become ‘private’ members of the derived class.

Public visibility mode:

When a base class is inherited with public visibility mode, the protected members of the base class will be inherited as protected members of the derived class and the public members of the base class will be inherited as public members of the derived class

(c) Multilevel Inheritance

class derived class name : visibility_mode baseclassname

{

// members of derivedclass

};

Answer (a) Private

Members present in the private visibility mode:

• Can be accessed only by the class members.
• By default the members will be in private visibility mode.
• When classes are inherited, private members are not inherited.

Members present in the public visibility mode:

• Can be accessed by the outside members also. 
• Members, to be in public visibility mode has to be specified explicitly.
• When classes are inherited, the public members are inherited as private, protected and public members of the derived class.