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During the day the sea breeze blowing from sea towards land keeps the coastal region cool and during the night land breeze blowing from land towards sea makes the sea cooler. This interchange of breeze maintains the heat balance resulting in the mild climate of the coastal regions with lower daily and annual ranges of temperature.

Convectional heating of the atmosphere is done by heating up the layer of air touching land surface and rising up to warm up the upper layer, while the cold wind sinks down and again heated up by the terrestrial radiation. This circulation causes formation of clouds, rainfall and mild changes in climatic behaviour.

The amount of solar energy received by the earth is called insolation, but only one part out of two billion parts reaches the earth. So, out of total 100% solar energy only 51% reaches the earth, 35% reflected back to into space and only 14% is absorbed by the ozone layer.

The sun continuously radiates heat and light energy in all the directions. It is known as solar radiation. Solar radiation is the only primary source of light and heat on the earth. The earth receives its heat from solar radiation which is a tiny fraction of the radiated energy of the sun.

Due to the warm effect of the Gulf Stream and North Atlantic Drift the ports of Western Europe remain ice free in winter to motivate successful international oceanic trade, e.g., London, Calais, Lisbon, Amsterdam, Brest, Le Havre etc.

A desert region gets highly heated and quickly cooled down due to the sand cover; while the forested region most of the solar energy is used in transpiration in vegetation realm and do not become very hot. On the other hand due to the emission of carbon dioxide by plants the temperature is maintained due to the heat absorbing property of CO_2.

Out of 100 units, only 51 units are received by the earth as isolation, while 35 units are reflected back by atmospheric layers, clouds, snowfields and 14 units are absorbed by ozone layer.

Tropical region gets vertical rays of the sun and receive much heat providing high temperature while the temperate and polar regions have less temperature due to slanting rays of the sun.

Heat balance is defined as the state of equilibrium that exists on earth between incoming insolation from the sun and the out going terrestrial radiation from the earth.

Out of 100 units of solar radiation 35 units are reflected back by atmospheric layers and clouds and snowfields etc, 14 units are absorbed by the ultra-violet rays in ozone layer and only 51 units are received by the earth as insolation and again these 51 units are reflected back by terrestrial radiation out of which 34 units are absorbed by the earth and sent back to atmospheric layers and 17 units radiated back into the space. This process is called the Heat budget or Global Heat Balance.

Heat budget is actually the Heat Balance of incoming and outgoing radiation. The incoming solar radiation comes towards earth in short waves and provides heat to the earth as insolation in the day and again this insolation is given back by terrestrial radiation at night. This balance is called heat budget.

Land Breeze : 

1. It blows from Land to sea. 

2. It blows at night. 

3. It makes the sea water cooler. 

4. It moderates the temperature of sea. 

Sea Breeze : 

1. It blows from sea to land. 

2. It blows in the day time. 

3. It makes coastal parts warmer 

4. It moderates the climate of the coastal parts.

Annual Range of Temperature : 

1. It is the difference between the highest and lowest temperatures within one year. 

2. It is the difference between the highest temperature of May-June and lowest temperature in December January, i.e. the temperature difference between summer and winter.

Monthly range of Temperature : 

1. It is the difference between the maximum and minimum temperatures within a month. 

2. Mostly the middle of month is noted for maximum and end of the month records minimum temperatures.

Torrid Zone : 

1. It lies between 23 1/2° N and 23 1/2° S 

2. It receives highest temperature and rainfall. 

3. It receives the vertical sun’s rays. 

4. Equatorial region and the tropical belt receive maximum insolatioa 

Temperate Zone : 

1. It lies between 23 1/2° N and 66 1/2° N & 23 1/2° S and 66 1/2° S 

2. It receives medium, temperature and rainfall. 

3. It received slanting rays of sun. 

4. Due to spherical shape of the earth, this zone received quite less amount of insolation