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a. to settle disputes and to promote mutual cooperation among nations.

b. Secretary General 

c. 5,10 

d. Ban Ki Moon

International Monetary Fund

• Economic and Social Council
• International Court of Justice
• Secretariat
• Trusteeship Council

Mikhail Gorbachev

U. Thant was the first person of secretary General of UNO from Asia

Ban Ki Moon is present Secretary General of UNO.

After WWII, the necessity for an international organization was recognized. Its purpose was to prevent wars, to settle international disputes amicably, and to bring about cooperation among nations. Therefore the UN can assist in times of war as well as peace. By improving the standard of living it can assist nations.There are disputes and differences of opinion among nations. War is not the solution to all problems. There are problems like controlling and eradicating diseases or global warming. Although each nation can find solutions to such problems, a collective action would produce much better results. But often nations are not willing to work together.

The reasons might be the following:

1. How to share the expenses for cooperating in a project?

2. Can the profit from the cooperation be equitably divided?

3. How to ensure that the other party won’t breach the contract?

An international organization can formulate new ideas, cooperate and exchange information. It can help member countries by using its expertise and its vast facilities. It can make formulas to share expenses for some cooperative projects and divide profits equitably. It can exert pressure to make the members carry out their obligations.

24 October, 1945

1. International Monetary Fund. 

2. World Health Organisation. 

Amnesty International is an NGO, which was established to campaign for the protection of human rights all over the world. Its objective is to promote respect for all the human beings and human rights in the universal declaration of Human Rights.

1. To help countries in the matters of conflicts and differences.

2. To make the countries cooperate and create better living conditions for humanity.

(a) Correct 

(b) Correct

(c) Wrong 

(d) Correct

(d) India’s growing economic power and a stable political system.

A new member, as suggested after 1997, should be 

(i ) A major economic power 

(ii) A major military power. 

(iii) A substantial contributor to the UN budget. 

(iv) A big nation in terms of its populations. 

(v) A nation that respects democracy and human rights 

(vi) A country that would make the Council more representative of the world’s diversity in terms of geography, economic system, and culture.

The veto power is a negative vote to stall any decision by five permanent members of the UN Security Council. Sometimes the moves have been made to modify this but it is presumed to have a danger to lose interest by great powers, and without their support and involvement such organization would become ineffective.

Five permanent member countries i.e France, Russia, the UK, the US, China got veto power because they have been emerged as industrialized developed countries to stall any decision.

Britain and France

In 1992, the UN General Assembly adopted a resolution which reflected three main complaints:

• The Security Council no longer represents contemporary political realities. 

• Its decisions reflect only Western values and interests and are dominated by a few powers. 

• It lacks equitable representation. In view of these growing demands for the restructuring of the UN, on 1 January 1997, the UN Secretary General Kofi Annan initiated an inquiry into how the UN should be reformed. How for instance, should new Security Council members be chosen? 

1. India’s nuclear weapon capabilities 

2. If India is included, some emerging powers (Brazil, Germany, Japan, South Africa) will also be accommodated. 

3. France and the US advocate that Africa and South America must be represented for they do not have any representation in the present structure.

Following reforms are required in the UN: 

1. Reform of the organization’s structures and processes. 

2. A review of the issues that fall within the jurisdiction of the organization. 

3. Reforms are required due to certain limitations to the UN i.e. only five members on the permanent basis in the UN Security Council and their veto power, a dominance of few powerful countries etc.

In 1992, the UN General Assembly adopted a resolution, which reflected three main complaints: 

1. The UN Security Council no longer represents contemporary political realities. 

2. Its decisions reflect only western values and interests and are dominated by few7 powers. 

3. It lacks equitable representation. Considering the above-mentioned demands for restructuring of the UN on 01 January 1997, the UN Secretary General Kofi Annan initiated an inquiry into how the UN should be reformed.

As a citizen of India, we may support India’s candidature for the permanent membership of the Security Council in the following manner: 

1. India is the most populous country in the world with one-fifth of the world population. 

2. India is the world’s largest democracy. 

3. India’s economic emergence on the World Stage. 

4. India is a regular financial contributor to the UN. 

5. India signifies a growing importance in world affairs in the conduct of its foreign policy. 

6. India participated in all the initiatives of the UN.

a. correct 

b. correct 

c. correct 

d. wrong

No, the UN can not serve against the US dominance in a comfort zone because:

1. The US has been the only superpower after 1991 and may ignore international organizations economically and militarily. 

2. Its veto power can stop any move from damaging its interests. 

3. The US enjoys a considerable degree of say in the selection of the UN Secretary-General. 

Besides the above-mentioned grounds, the UN is playing an effective role in an argument against the US attitudes and policies and makes compromises and concessions even or the part of the US. The EU performs as an important bloc in International Economic Organisations such as WTO but SAARC has initiated SAFTA only to cooperate economically among its member states.

The following are the question marks in implementing the suggested reforms to reconstruct the UN: 

1. How big may an economic and military power qualify to become UNSC membership? 

2. What level of budget contribution should be enabled? 

3. No guarantee to be effective as Council Member in respect for democracy and human rights. 

4. Why should the issue of equitable representation decided by geography? Why not by levels of economic development? 

5. Why not give more seats to members of the developing world? 

All the above-mentioned criteria which were adopted bud not universally accepted. Hence, the difficulties were involved.

Yes, we agree with the statement because the Security Council plays a crucial role in the functioning of the UN. In today’s scenario, power equations have been changed with the disintegration of USSR and many new countries are entering into the UN: 

1. The UN charter has given a privileged position to permanent members to bring stability all over the world. This position remains the same and no one is allowed to enter. 

2. Except permanent members enjoy veto power to be placed in a valuable position. 

3. Permanent members category is from the industrialized developed country which should be balanced by enhancing representation from developing countries to become either permanent or non-permanent members. 

4. Hence, the Security Council should reform and improve its working to make the UN more effective i.e., the inclusion of member states should be judged on the basis of contribution to peacekeeping initiatives.

1. Interdependence and globalization are not possible without the international organizations such as the UN. 

2. To enhance cooperation on the issues of poverty, unemployment, environmental degradation, crime rate etc. 

3. To provide financial assistance to developing countries to stabilize economy all over the world, the UN and its specialized agencies are always required. 

4. The UN works as a forum to solve any international dispute among nations and sort out the best possible. 

5. Hence, though the UN has failed in preventing any related wars and miseries, despite the nations require its continuation due to above-mentioned reasons to promote international peace and understanding.

1. Interdependence and globalization are not possible without the international organizations such as the UN. 

2. To enforce cooperation on the issues of poverty, unemployment, environmental degradation, crime rate etc. 

3. To provide financial assistance to developing countries to stabilize the economy all over the world, the UN and its specialized agencies are always required. 

4. The UN works as a forum to solve any international dispute among nations and sort out the best possible way. 

5. Hence, though the UN has failed in preventing related wars and miseries, despite the nations require its continuation due to above-mentioned reasons to promote international peace and understanding.

b. International Atomic Energy Agency