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(i) The Preamble of the Indian Constitution contains the objectives of the Constitution. 

(ii) It secures to its citizens: justice, social, economic and political; Liberty of thought, expression, belief, faith and worship; Equality of status and opportunity; and Fraternity assuring the dignity of the individual and unity and integrity of the Nation. 

(iii) Fundamental Rights are assured to all the citizens of India. 

(iv) In order to make these objectives effective, Fundamental Rights and Directive Principles of State Policy were incorporated in Part III and Part IV of our Constitution.

(v) The Supreme Court of India and the High Courts of all states issue Writs, such as: 

• Habeas Corpus 
• Mandamus 
• Prohibition 
• Certiorari 
• Quo Warranto to protect human rights.

(i) The 21st century terrorism is an organised system of violence and intimidation. There is a need to empathise, understand, cooperate and coordinate our efforts in dealing with terrorism at the national and international level.

(ii) Terrorism includes taking hostages; firing or bombing civilian localities that are undefended such as hospitals or schools, inhuman treatment to prisoners and destruction of property. 

(iii) This leads to feeling of insecurity and helplessness among the people who are prone to terrorism. Their faith in social security and police protection is lowered and they may be psychologically affected.

(iv) Terrorism affects economic growth, political stability and social welfare of the people. It burdens our defence and police system as well. Hence the government cannot focus on its constructive programmes. 

(v) Citizens should be alert about unattended luggage or bags at public places and be vigilant about suspicious men around them. They must immediately report to the authorities about the same.

(vi) The youth of the nation should volunteer in police and armed forces. The civilians must always cooperate with the police and government authorities to nab the terrorists.

(a) 5th to 16th June, 1972

1. True. 

• The threat to the environment caused by pollution or by leakage of oil or gas does not remain restricted to one nation. 
• Its effects are long term so it becomes necessary for nations to act with each other’s consent and cooperation in order to deal with these effects.

2. False. 

The conflict between India and China is connected to two issues 

• Border issue and 
• Status of Tibet. India made several efforts to sort this border dispute by means of dialogue. But it has not met with much success.

(b) Right to information

(c) Earth Day

The United Nations General Assembly adopted the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR) in 1966.

(c) 15 years