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The sub-continent is called by different names such as Bharatavarsha, Bharatakhanda, Bharata, Jambudweepa, India and Hindustan.

According to Kavirajamarga, in the ancient times, Karnataka extended from Cauvery in the south to Godavari (AP) in the north.

According to Vishnupurana, the extent of India was the present Afghanistan, Pakistan, Nepal, Bhutan, Myanmar, Bangladesh and Srilanka. Reference to this Indian sub-continent is found in Vishnupurana.

A number of Chinese Buddhist pilgrims visited India. Important among them were Fahian (Gupta age). Hiuen Tsang (Harshavardhana) and Itsing (7^th century CE)

Nicolo Conti of Italy, Abdul Razzak of Persia, Barbosa and Domingo Paes of Portugal, Niketin of Russia, Fernao Nuniz were some of the foreigners who visited the Vijayanagara Empire.

Hinduism, Jainism, Buddhism, and Sikhism have originated in India.

Quantitative data: Quantitative data is referred to as data measured with help of numerical facts or terms For example

1. Daily temperature

2. Fleight

3. Weights of individuals

4. Price

5. Income etc., are quantitative variables. Their values can be expressed numerically.

Qualitative data :

When data is measured with the help of attributes or character it is Qualitative data. Qualitative data is the data which can not be measured with help of numerical values.

Example: 

1. Attitudes of people to a political system.

2. Intelligence of individuals

3. Music and art

4. Beauty of individual cannot measured numerically.

The two types of data are:

1. Quantitative data 

2. Qualitative data

A producer is one who produces and sells goods and services for the generation of income.

1. Price of goods

2. Income of individuals

1. Intelligence of individuals

2. Tastes and preferences of individuals.

The factors of production are:

1. Land

2. Labour

3. Capital

4. Organisation

The term ‘Exchange’ refers to purchase and sale of goods and services for something in return. It studies – market, prices, finance, and trade, etc.,

The two forms of scarcity as we see in our daily life are : 

1. Scarcity of water

2. Scarcity of petrol

3. Scarcity of agricultural resources etc.,

4. Scarcity of power.

This is true that statistical methods are no substitute for common sense. Statistical data should not be believed blindly as it can be misinterpreted or misused. The statistical data may involve personal bias or may undergo manipulations, also, statistical data and methods fail to reveal the errors committed by an investigator while surveying and collecting data. This can be understood by a story.

It is said that a family of four persons (husband, wife and two children) once set out to cross a river. So he calculated the average height of his families members since the average height of his family members was greater than the average depth of Consequently some members of the family (children) drowned while crossing the river. Thus common sence must be used while applying statistical methods.the river. He thought they could cross safely.

Scarcity means lack of something or anything which is in shortage of fulfill human wants.