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51.

Short circuit problem is severe in case of Voltage source inverter.(a) True(b) FalseI had been asked this question during an interview.I'd like to ask this question from Solid-State Switching Circuits in portion Introduction to Solid-State Switching Circuits of Electric Drives

Answer»
52.

Inverters are used to convert DC power into variable AC power.(a) True(b) FalseThe question was posed to me in examination.This question is from Solid-State Switching Circuits topic in chapter Introduction to Solid-State Switching Circuits of Electric Drives

Answer» RIGHT answer is (a) True

Best EXPLANATION: Inverters are used to convert DC power into variable AC power. The variable AC power means variable frequency and variable voltage LEVEL.
53.

Calculate the output voltage of the Boost converter if the supply voltage is 156 V and duty cycle value is .4.(a) 260 V(b) 264 V(c) 261 V(d) 268 VI have been asked this question in an interview for internship.This interesting question is from Solid-State Switching Circuits topic in section Introduction to Solid-State Switching Circuits of Electric Drives

Answer»

Right answer is (a) 260 V

Easy explanation: The output voltage of the boost CONVERTER is Vo = Vin×(1-D)=156×1.66=260 V. The value of the duty CYCLE is less than one which MAKES the Vo > Vin. The boost converter is used to step up the voltage.

54.

Calculate the average value of thyristor current in 3-Φ Full wave converter for the load current=27 A and α=6°.(a) 9 A(b) 4 A(c) 5 A(d) 9 AThe question was asked in exam.My question is taken from Solid-State Switching Circuits in division Introduction to Solid-State Switching Circuits of Electric Drives

Answer»

The correct answer is (d) 9 A

Easy EXPLANATION: The average value of THYRISTOR CURRENT in 3-Φ Full wave CONVERTER is Io÷3. It is the average value of the thyristor current. I(r.m.s)= Io÷3=9 A.

55.

Calculate the output voltage of the Buck converter if the supply voltage is 789 V and duty cycle value is .9.(a) 711.1 V(b) 710.1 V(c) 722.2 V(d) 713.2 VI have been asked this question in an online interview.My question is from Solid-State Switching Circuits in portion Introduction to Solid-State Switching Circuits of Electric Drives

Answer»

Correct option is (b) 710.1 V

Explanation: The output voltage of the BUCK converter is Vo = Vin×(D)=789×.9=710.1 V. The VALUE of the duty CYCLE is LESS than ONE which makes the Vo < Vin. The buck converter is used to step down the voltage.

56.

Calculate the value of Crest factor if Vpeak=0 V and Vr.m.s=24 V.(a) 0(b) 3(c) 5(d) 8This question was addressed to me in final exam.My doubt stems from Solid-State Switching Circuits topic in section Introduction to Solid-State Switching Circuits of Electric Drives

Answer»

The CORRECT option is (a) 0

Easy explanation: The VALUE of the crest factor is Vpeak÷Vr.m.s=0÷24=0 V. It SIGNIFIES the peak value is 0 times than the r.m.s value.

57.

Inductor and Capacitor in Buck converter are used to ___________(a) Increase the cost(b) Decrease the cost(c) Filter out the harmonics(d) Increase the harmonicsThis question was addressed to me in exam.This intriguing question comes from Solid-State Switching Circuits topic in division Introduction to Solid-State Switching Circuits of Electric Drives

Answer» CORRECT option is (c) FILTER out the harmonics

The best I can explain: Inductor and capacitor in BUCK converter are used to filter out the harmonics. They remove the ripple from the output voltage.
58.

Calculate peak-peak voltage if Vmax=1 V and Vmin=-1 V.(a) 6 V(b) 2 V(c) 3 V(d) 1 VThis question was addressed to me at a job interview.This intriguing question originated from Solid-State Switching Circuits in section Introduction to Solid-State Switching Circuits of Electric Drives

Answer»

Correct CHOICE is (B) 2 V

Explanation: Peak-Peak VOLTAGE is EQUAL to the difference between the maximum and minimum voltage. It is mathematically represented as Vp-p=Vmax-Vmin=1+1=2 V.

59.

Buck-Boost acts as Boost converter for duty cycle is equal to_________(a) .8(b) .1(c) .2(d) .4I got this question during an online interview.Origin of the question is Solid-State Switching Circuits topic in division Introduction to Solid-State Switching Circuits of Electric Drives

Answer»

Right option is (a) .8

Explanation: The output voltage of the buck-boost CONVERTER is Vo = D×Vin ÷ (1-D). It can step up and step down the voltage DEPENDING upon the value of the duty cycle. If the value of the duty cycle is more than .5 it will work as a boost converter. The ANSWER is .8.

60.

Buck-Boost acts as Buck converter for duty cycle is equal to_________(a) .9(b) .7(c) .6(d) .4I have been asked this question by my school teacher while I was bunking the class.The query is from Solid-State Switching Circuits topic in division Introduction to Solid-State Switching Circuits of Electric Drives

Answer» CORRECT choice is (d) .4

The best explanation: The OUTPUT voltage of the buck-boost converter is Vo = D×Vin ÷ (1-D). It can step up and step down the voltage depending UPON the value of the duty cycle. If the value of the duty cycle is LESS than .5 it will work as a buck converter. The ANSWER is .4.
61.

____________ is the boundary for C.C.M and D.C.M mode in 3-Φ Half wave bridge rectifier for R load.(a) 60°(b) 10°(c) 80°(d) 30°The question was asked by my school principal while I was bunking the class.Enquiry is from Solid-State Switching Circuits in portion Introduction to Solid-State Switching Circuits of Electric Drives

Answer»

Correct answer is (d) 30°

Explanation: 30° is the BOUNDARY for C.C.M and D.C.M MODE in 3-Φ Half WAVE bridge rectifier for R load. Conduction will only remain from 30°+α to 150°+α.

62.

What is the formula for output voltage for Boost converter?(a) 8D×Vin(b) 5D×Vin(c) 2D×Vin(d) D×VinThe question was posed to me in class test.This interesting question is from Solid-State Switching Circuits in chapter Introduction to Solid-State Switching Circuits of Electric Drives

Answer»

Right CHOICE is (d) D×Vin

The explanation is: The output voltage of the boost CONVERTER is Vo = Vin ÷ (1-D). The value of the duty cycle is LESS than one which makes the Vo > Vin. The boost converter is used to STEP up the voltage. Vin is a fixed voltage and Vo is a variable voltage.

63.

What is the formula for output voltage for Buck-Boost converter?(a) D×Vin(b) Vin ÷ (1-D)(c) D×Vin ÷ (1-D)(d) D×Vin ÷ (1+D)The question was asked by my college professor while I was bunking the class.My question is based upon Solid-State Switching Circuits topic in section Introduction to Solid-State Switching Circuits of Electric Drives

Answer» RIGHT choice is (C) D×Vin ÷ (1-D)

The best EXPLANATION: The output voltage of the buck-BOOST converter is Vo = D×Vin ÷ (1-D). It can step up and step down the voltage depending UPON the value of the duty cycle. If the value of the duty cycle is less than .5 it will work as a buck converter and for duty cycle greater than .5 it will work as a boost converter.
64.

What is the formula for output voltage for Buck converter?(a) 8D×Vin(b) 5D×Vin(c) 2D×Vin(d) D×VinThe question was asked in an interview for internship.This interesting question is from Solid-State Switching Circuits topic in division Introduction to Solid-State Switching Circuits of Electric Drives

Answer»

The correct option is (d) D×Vin

Easiest explanation: The output voltage of the BUCK converter is Vo = D×Vin. The VALUE of the DUTY cycle is less than one which MAKES the Vo < Vin. The buck converter is used to step down voltage. Vin is a fixed voltage and Vo is a VARIABLE voltage.

65.

Cuk-converter is better than Buck converter in terms of the output voltage.(a) True(b) FalseThe question was asked in exam.This is a very interesting question from Solid-State Switching Circuits topic in section Introduction to Solid-State Switching Circuits of Electric Drives

Answer»

Right choice is (a) True

Easiest explanation: Cuk-CONVERTER is better than BUCK converter in terms of the output voltage. The FILTER is PRESENT at the output and input SIDE of the Cuk-converter whereas in Buck there is no filter circuit present at the input side.

66.

Which one of the following device is uncontrolled?(a) SCR(b) MOSFET(c) Diode(d) TRIACI have been asked this question in a job interview.My query is from Solid-State Switching Circuits topic in section Introduction to Solid-State Switching Circuits of Electric Drives

Answer»

Right choice is (C) Diode

To elaborate: Diode is UNCONTROLLED, unidirectional POWER electronic device. When the voltage across the diode becomes positive it starts conduction OTHERWISE remains off.

67.

Choppers are used to control the DC voltage level.(a) True(b) FalseI got this question in an international level competition.The question is from Solid-State Switching Circuits topic in chapter Introduction to Solid-State Switching Circuits of Electric Drives

Answer»

The correct choice is (a) True

Easiest EXPLANATION: CHOPPERS are used to control the DC voltage LEVEL. They can INCREASE, DECREASE or both the input DC voltage.

68.

Fifth lowest order harmonic present in 3-Φ fully controlled rectifier is __________(a) 15^th(b) 17^th(c) 13^th(d) 12^thThe question was asked in an online interview.This intriguing question originated from Solid-State Switching Circuits in section Introduction to Solid-State Switching Circuits of Electric Drives

Answer»

Correct CHOICE is (b) 17^th

The best explanation: Only 6k±1 order harmonics are PRESENT in 3-Φ fully CONTROLLED RECTIFIER. The fifth LOWEST order harmonic is 17^th harmonic for k=3. Third order harmonics are absent in 3-Φ fully controlled rectifier.

69.

Which harmonic is not present in 3-Φ fully controlled rectifier?(a) 81st harmonic(b) 15^th harmonic(c) 17^th harmonic(d) 11^th harmonicI had been asked this question by my college director while I was bunking the class.The question is from Solid-State Switching Circuits topic in section Introduction to Solid-State Switching Circuits of Electric Drives

Answer»

Right CHOICE is (a) 81st harmonic

For EXPLANATION: Triplen HARMONICS are absent in the case of 3-phase fully controlled rectifier. Because of the ABSENCE of triplen harmonics THD of the rectifier 31%.

70.

Full form of DIAC is ___________(a) Digital Alternating current(b) Discrete Alternating current(c) Diode for Alternating current(d) Digital Alternating counterI have been asked this question by my school teacher while I was bunking the class.I want to ask this question from Solid-State Switching Circuits topic in portion Introduction to Solid-State Switching Circuits of Electric Drives

Answer»

The correct answer is (C) Diode for ALTERNATING CURRENT

The best explanation: DIAC stands for Diode Alternating current. It is a bipolar SWITCH. It will conduct when the voltage ACROSS it becomes greater than the breakover voltage.

71.

Calculate the compensator rating required for sin(Φ)=.13.(a) 0.45 P.U(b) 0.12 P.U(c) 0.13 P.U(d) 0.82 P.UI got this question during an interview.The above asked question is from Solid-State Switching Circuits topic in section Introduction to Solid-State Switching Circuits of Electric Drives

Answer»

The correct option is (C) 0.13 P.U

For explanation: The COMPENSATOR rating can be calculated using the relation QP.U=√1-cos^2(∅)=SIN(∅)=.13. This per UNIT value VAR compensator is required to improve the power factor of the system.

72.

Full form of MOSFET is ___________(a) Metal oxide silicon field effect transistor(b) Metal oxide semiconductor field effect transistor(c) Metal oxide settle field effect transistor(d) Metal oriented silicon field effect transistorThe question was posed to me in my homework.This intriguing question originated from Solid-State Switching Circuits in chapter Introduction to Solid-State Switching Circuits of Electric Drives

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73.

Calculate the De-rating factor if the string efficiency is 16 %.(a) .84(b) .44(c) .5(d) .6This question was addressed to me at a job interview.My question is from Solid-State Switching Circuits in chapter Introduction to Solid-State Switching Circuits of Electric Drives

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74.

Calculate the average value of thyristor current in 3-Φ Full wave converter for the load current=9 A and α=26°.(a) 4 A(b) 5 A(c) 7 A(d) 3 AI have been asked this question during an online interview.This intriguing question comes from Solid-State Switching Circuits topic in chapter Introduction to Solid-State Switching Circuits of Electric Drives

Answer»

The CORRECT CHOICE is (d) 3 A

The best explanation: The average VALUE of thyristor current in 3-Φ Full wave converter is Io÷3. It is the average value of the thyristor current. I(r.m.s) = Io÷3 = 3 A.

75.

Calculate the r.m.s value of thyristor current in 3-Φ Full wave converter for the load current=4 A and α=12°.(a) 2.3 A(b) 2.5 A(c) 2.7 A(d) 2.9 AI got this question in unit test.I want to ask this question from Solid-State Switching Circuits topic in chapter Introduction to Solid-State Switching Circuits of Electric Drives

Answer»

Correct option is (a) 2.3 A

Best explanation: The r.m.s value of THYRISTOR current in 3-Φ FULL wave CONVERTER is Io√1÷3. It is the r.m.s value of the thyristor current. I(r.m.s) = Io√1÷3 = 2.3 A.

76.

What is the formula for output voltage for 3-Φ Full wave bridge rectifier for R load for α > 60°?(a) 2Vml(1+cos(∝+60°))÷π(b) 3Vml(1+cos(60°+∝))÷2π(c) 3Vml(1+cos(60°+∝))÷π(d) 6Vml(cos(∝))÷πThe question was posed to me during an interview.I want to ask this question from Solid-State Switching Circuits topic in chapter Introduction to Solid-State Switching Circuits of Electric Drives

Answer» RIGHT option is (C) 3Vml(1+cos(60°+∝))÷π

For EXPLANATION: The output voltage of 3-Φ Full wave bridge rectifier for R load is 3Vml(1+cos(60°+∝))÷π for α > 60°. CONDUCTION will only remain from 60°+α to 180°.
77.

____________ is the boundary for C.C.M and D.C.M mode in 3-Φ Full wave bridge rectifier for R load.(a) 60°(b) 10°(c) 80°(d) 50°I had been asked this question by my college professor while I was bunking the class.My doubt stems from Solid-State Switching Circuits in section Introduction to Solid-State Switching Circuits of Electric Drives

Answer»

The correct answer is (a) 60°

Best explanation: 60° is the boundary for C.C.M and D.C.M mode in 3-Φ FULL WAVE BRIDGE rectifier for R load. Conduction will only remain from 60°+α to 120°+α.

78.

What is the formula for output voltage for 3-Φ Full wave bridge rectifier for R load for α < 60°?(a) 2Vml(cos(∝))÷π(b) 3Vml(cos(∝))÷2π(c) 3Vml(cos(∝))÷π(d) 6Vml(cos(∝))÷πThe question was posed to me in an interview for job.My question comes from Solid-State Switching Circuits topic in section Introduction to Solid-State Switching Circuits of Electric Drives

Answer»

Right choice is (C) 3Vml(cos(∝))÷π

Explanation: The output VOLTAGE of 3-Φ Full wave bridge rectifier for R LOAD is 3Vml(cos(∝))÷π for α < 60°. Conduction will only remain from 60°+α to 120°+α.

79.

The output voltage of 3-Φ Full wave bridge rectifier is six times of 3-Φ Half-wave rectifier.(a) True(b) FalseI got this question in my homework.The query is from Solid-State Switching Circuits topic in section Introduction to Solid-State Switching Circuits of Electric Drives

Answer»

The CORRECT answer is (b) False

Best explanation: The OUTPUT VOLTAGE of 3-Φ FULL wave bridge RECTIFIER is 3Vml(cos(∝))÷π. The output voltage of 3-Φ Half wave rectifier is 3Vml(cos(∝))÷2π.

80.

What is the formula for output voltage for 3-Φ Full wave bridge rectifier for R-L load?(a) 3Vml(cos(∝))÷2π(b) 3Vml(cos(∝))÷π(c) 2Vml(cos(∝))÷π(d) 6Vml(cos(∝))÷πThe question was asked by my school principal while I was bunking the class.This question is from Solid-State Switching Circuits in chapter Introduction to Solid-State Switching Circuits of Electric Drives

Answer»

Correct ANSWER is (B) 3Vml(cos(∝))÷π

Easiest explanation: The output VOLTAGE of 3-Φ Full WAVE bridge rectifier for R-L load is 3Vml(cos(∝))÷π. The net AREA of the output voltage for R-L load remains zero.

81.

For α > 90°, 3-Φ Full wave bridge rectifier acts as a natural commutated inverter.(a) True(b) FalseThe question was posed to me by my college professor while I was bunking the class.Question is from Solid-State Switching Circuits in section Introduction to Solid-State Switching Circuits of Electric Drives

Answer»

The correct CHOICE is (a) True

For explanation: The output VOLTAGE of 3-Φ Full WAVE bridge rectifier is 3Vml(cos(∝))÷π. For α > 90° the output voltage BECOMES NEGATIVE. The power flows from DC to the AC side.

82.

Full form of TRIAC is __________(a) Triode for Alternating current(b) Tri for Alternating current(c) Triode for Alternating counter(d) Tri for Alternating countersThis question was addressed to me in unit test.My question is from Solid-State Switching Circuits in section Introduction to Solid-State Switching Circuits of Electric Drives

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83.

Calculate the Vo(avg) for the 3-Φ phase Half-wave controlled rectifier if the supply value is 480 V and the value of firing angle is 92°.(a) 264.02 V(b) 487.26 V(c) 858.26 V(d) 248.25 VThe question was asked in final exam.My doubt is from Solid-State Switching Circuits topic in division Introduction to Solid-State Switching Circuits of Electric Drives

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84.

Calculate the circuit turn-off time for 3-Φ Fully controlled rectifier if the firing angle is 170° and supply frequency is 50.5 Hz.(a) 32.4 msec(b) 35.2 msec(c) 39.3 msec(d) 31.5 msecThis question was addressed to me in an internship interview.The origin of the question is Solid-State Switching Circuits in chapter Introduction to Solid-State Switching Circuits of Electric Drives

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85.

In 3-Φ Semi-controlled rectifier calculate the average value of the voltage if the supply is 299 V and firing angle is 56.15°.(a) 311.26 V(b) 304.26 V(c) 314.51 V(d) 312.45 VI had been asked this question in quiz.This is a very interesting question from Solid-State Switching Circuits topic in portion Introduction to Solid-State Switching Circuits of Electric Drives

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86.

Calculate the Vo(avg) for the 3-Φ phase Half-wave controlled rectifier if the supply value is 364 V and the value of firing angle is 2°.(a) 247.62 V(b) 245.76 V(c) 214.26 V(d) 233.26 VI got this question in a national level competition.This interesting question is from Solid-State Switching Circuits in chapter Introduction to Solid-State Switching Circuits of Electric Drives

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87.

Calculate the Vo(r.m.s) (Highly inductive load) for the 3-Φ phase Half-wave uncontrolled rectifier if the supply value is 441 V.(a) 297.25 V(b) 298.15 V(c) 298.11 V(d) 300.15 VThe question was asked in examination.My question is based upon Solid-State Switching Circuits topic in division Introduction to Solid-State Switching Circuits of Electric Drives

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88.

In 3-Φ Fully controlled rectifier calculate the average value of the voltage if the supply is 400 V and firing angle is 45°.(a) 381.15 V(b) 382.16 V(c) 383.19 V(d) 384.25 VThis question was addressed to me in class test.I would like to ask this question from Solid-State Switching Circuits in portion Introduction to Solid-State Switching Circuits of Electric Drives

Answer»

The CORRECT option is (b) 382.16 V

For explanation I would say: In 3-Φ Fully controlled rectifier, the AVERAGE value of the voltage is3Vml(cos(∝))÷π=3×400×√2(cos(45°))÷3.14=382.16 V.

89.

Calculate the average value of current for the 3-Φ phase Half-wave uncontrolled rectifier if the supply value is 400 V and resistive load value is 5 Ω.(a) 54.04 A(b) 57.26 A(c) 51.64 A(d) 58.15 AI had been asked this question in an online interview.Question is from Solid-State Switching Circuits in portion Introduction to Solid-State Switching Circuits of Electric Drives

Answer»

The CORRECT answer is (a) 54.04 A

For explanation I would say: The Io(avg) for the 3-Φ PHASE Half-wave UNCONTROLLED rectifier is 3Vml÷2πR. The VALUE of OUTPUT voltage is 3Vml÷2πR=3×√2×440÷6.28×5=54.04 A.

90.

Calculate the Vo(avg) for the 3-Φ phase Half-wave uncontrolled rectifier if the supply value is 440 V.(a) 297.25 V(b) 298.15 V(c) 298.11 V(d) 300.15 VThe question was asked by my college director while I was bunking the class.My doubt stems from Solid-State Switching Circuits in section Introduction to Solid-State Switching Circuits of Electric Drives

Answer»
91.

Calculate the output voltage of the Buck converter if the supply voltage is 13 V and duty cycle value is .16.(a) 2.08 V(b) 2.24 V(c) 2.58 V(d) 2.54 VThe question was asked at a job interview.Question is from Solid-State Switching Circuits topic in portion Introduction to Solid-State Switching Circuits of Electric Drives

Answer»

Right answer is (a) 2.08 V

For explanation I would say: The OUTPUT voltage of the buck CONVERTER is Vo = Vin×(D)=13×.16=2.08 V. The VALUE of the duty cycle is less than one which MAKES the Vo < Vin. The buck converter is used to step down the voltage.

92.

Calculate the value of the conduction angle for diode for R-L load with a freewheeling diode if the value of α is 45°. (Continous conduction mode)(a) 220°(b) 225°(c) 230°(d) 280°I had been asked this question during an interview.I would like to ask this question from Solid-State Switching Circuits in chapter Introduction to Solid-State Switching Circuits of Electric Drives

Answer»

The CORRECT CHOICE is (B) 225°

Explanation: The conduction angle for diode for R-L load with a FREEWHEELING diode is π+α=180°+45°=225°. R-L load is a CURRENT stiff type of load.

93.

Calculate the voltage across the freewheeling diode when the output voltage is 24 V.(a) -15 V(b) -24 V(c) 28 V(d) 39 VI got this question during an online exam.I need to ask this question from Solid-State Switching Circuits topic in chapter Introduction to Solid-State Switching Circuits of Electric Drives

Answer»

Correct choice is (b) -24 V

The explanation: The freewheeling DIODE is used to PROVIDE a freewheeling path. It is connected in the anti-parallel direction of the LOAD. The voltage across the diode is -Vo=-24 V.

94.

Calculate the pulse number if the supply frequency is 2π and the output frequency is 2π÷3.(a) 4(b) 5(c) 6(d) 3I have been asked this question at a job interview.Question is taken from Solid-State Switching Circuits topic in portion Introduction to Solid-State Switching Circuits of Electric Drives

Answer»

The CORRECT CHOICE is (d) 3

The best explanation: The pulse number can be calculated using the ratio of input FREQUENCY to the output frequency. The VALUE of pulse number (P) is 2π÷(2π÷3)=3. It is a three-pulse converter or 3-Φ phase Half-wave uncontrolled rectifier.

95.

Calculate the output voltage of the Buck converter if the supply voltage is 13 V and duty cycle value is .16.(a) 2.08 V(b) 2.24 V(c) 2.58 V(d) 2.54 VThe question was asked in homework.My query is from Solid-State Switching Circuits in section Introduction to Solid-State Switching Circuits of Electric Drives

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96.

d(v)÷d(t) is more reliable for SCR triggering.(a) True(b) FalseI had been asked this question at a job interview.My doubt stems from Solid-State Switching Circuits in chapter Introduction to Solid-State Switching Circuits of Electric Drives

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97.

70 V rated 6 SCRs are connected in series. The operation voltage of the string is 130. Calculate the De-rating factor.(a) .70(b) .73(c) .78(d) .74The question was asked during an online interview.Asked question is from Solid-State Switching Circuits topic in section Introduction to Solid-State Switching Circuits of Electric Drives

Answer»

Correct option is (a) .70

To elaborate: The string efficiency can be calculated USING the formula operation voltage÷(Number of SCRs×Rated voltage)=130÷(70×6)=.30. The De-rating FACTOR value is 1-.30=.70.

98.

Calculate the string efficiency if the de-rating factor is .50.(a) 28 %(b) 42 %(c) 80 %(d) 50 %The question was asked in final exam.I want to ask this question from Solid-State Switching Circuits topic in chapter Introduction to Solid-State Switching Circuits of Electric Drives

Answer»

Correct answer is (d) 50 %

Explanation: The string EFFICIENCY is calculated for series and PARALLEL connection of SCRS. The value of string efficiency is 1-(De-rating FACTOR)=1-.50=50 %.

99.

Calculate the De-rating factor if the string efficiency is 98%.(a) .04(b) .02(c) .05(d) .03The question was posed to me in an interview for job.My question is based upon Solid-State Switching Circuits topic in chapter Introduction to Solid-State Switching Circuits of Electric Drives

Answer»

The CORRECT option is (B) .02

To elaborate: De-rating factor is USED to measure the RELIABILITY of a string. The value of the De-rating factor is 1-(string efficiency)=1-.98=.02.

100.

A step-down chopper has input voltage .1 V and output voltage .01 V. Calculate the value of the duty cycle.(a) 0.1(b) 0.2(c) 0.3(d) 0.5The question was asked in an interview.I want to ask this question from Solid-State Switching Circuits in section Introduction to Solid-State Switching Circuits of Electric Drives

Answer» RIGHT option is (a) 0.1

The best EXPLANATION: The output VOLTAGE of the step-down chopper is Vo = Vin×(D). The value of the duty cycle is less than one which MAKES the Vo < Vin. The step-down chopper is used to step down the voltage. The value of the duty cycle is .01÷.1=.1.