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Vellore are the Rock beds found with no headrests

(a) Pataliputra

Jainism was patronised by the Kalabhras

(a) Ardha-Magadhi Prakrit

1. As far as Buddhism was concerned, if declined due to the loss of patronage and donation after the end of the Gupta Empire.

2. Invasion of north India by Huns, Turco Mongols and Persians was yet-another reason.

3. In the case of Jainism Lack of Patronage, Lack of efforts to spread the religion. Jains adopted many Hindu faiths. Jains started to differentiate people in the name of castes and classes.

4. Role of Hindu teachers was also another reason for the failure of these religions in India.

Agama Sutras consists of many sacred books of the jain religion

Nagapattinam

(a) i) and iii) are correct

The total population of jains in tamil nadu is 0.12

(b) Mahavira

1. Neminatha 

2. Asvaghosa

3. 7th

4. Mahendravarman’s Mattavilasa Prahasana 

5. Ajivikas

Ajivika Philosophy:

1. The Ajivikas believed in the doctrine of karma, transmigration of the soul and determinism.

2. The Ajivikas practiced asceticism of a severe type.

3. The Ajivika religious order and school of philosophy is known from the vedic hymns, the Brahmanas, the Aryankas and other ancient Sanskrit compilations.

4. Throughout history, Ajivikas had to face persecution everywhere.

5. Village communities under Pallavas, Cholas and Hoysalas imposed special taxes on them.

6. Despite such obstacles, Ajivikas continued to have influence along the Palar river in the modern states of Karnataka and Tamil Nadu (Vellore, Kanchipuramand Tiruvallur districts) till about the 14th century. In the end, they seemed to have been absorbed into Vaishnavism.

Jainism flourished during the Pallava reign.

Jains in Kanchipuram: 

1. Jainism flourished during the Pallava reign.

2. The two Jain temples in Kanchipuram are Trilokyanatha Jinaswamy Temple at Tiruparuttikunram and the Chandra Prabha temple dedicated to the Tirtankara named Chandra Prabha.

3. Mural paintings in the temples show scenes from the lives of Tirtankaras.

4. In the Kanchipuram district, Jain vestiges have been found over the years in many villages across the state.

Kazhugumalai Jain Rock-cut Temple: 

1. The Kazhugumalai temple in Thoothukudi district marks the revival of Jainism in Tamil Nadu.

2. Polished rock-cut cave beds, popularly known as Panchavar Padukkai at Kazhugumalai cavern host the figures of Tirtankaras and also the figures of yakshas and yakshis. Jain temples have also been excavated in the districts of Vellore, Tiruvannamalai and Madurai.

Buddhism in Tamilzhakam: 1. Buddhism is believed to have spread to the Tamil country by the Ceylonese missionaries.

2. The monuments are in caverns known as Pancha Pandava Malai.

3. Chudamani Vihara of Nagapattinam was constructed by the Srivijaya king with the patronage of Rajaraja Chola.

4. In the field of education, Buddhist Sanghas and Viharas served as centers of education. 5. Nalanda, Taxila and Vikramshila gained reputation as great educational centres. They were originally Buddhist Viharas.

6. Excavations of Buddhist Vihara and a temple at Kaveripoompattinam and hundreds of stone and bronze sculptures by ASI from over 125 sites have proved the spread of the religion in the state.

Sources of Jainism: 

1. Mahaviras preaching was orally transmitted by his disciples over the course of about .one thousand years.

2. In the early period of Jainism, monks strictly followed the five great vows of Jainism. Even religious scriptures were considered possessions and therefore knowledge of the religion was never documented.

3. Two hundred years after the death of Mahavira, Jain scholars attempted to codify the canon by convening an assembly at Pataliputra, but it ended as a failure.

4. A second council held at Vallabhi, in the 5th century A.D., was, however, successful in 5. Over time, many learned monks, older in age and rich in wisdom, had compiled commentaries on various topics.

Sources of Buddhism:

1. Buddhas teachings for a long time were transmitted through the memory of teachers and disciples.

2. They were reduced to writing by 80 B.C. and were written in the Pali language.

3. The Pali canon Tripitaka has three divisions, also known as the Threefold Basket. They include Vinaya Pitaka, Sutta Pitaka and Abhidhamma Pitaka.

Five Great Vows of Jainism:

1. Non-violence – Ahimsa

2. Truth – Satya

3. Non-stealing – Achaurya 

4. Celibacy/Chastity – Brahmacharya 

5. Non-possession – Aparigraha.