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Name the conducting tissue of plants is Phloem

1.a. Autotrophic

2.b. They reflect green light and they contain a pigment called chlorophyll.

3.d. Perform photosynthesis in the presence of sunlight.

4.b. Calcium

5.c. Photosynthesis

(a) Phloem.

(b) Xylem.

(1) Phloem 

(2) Phototropic 

(3) Vertebral column 

(4) Central canal 

(5) Cerebellum 

(6) Cytokinin

(7) Cerebellum 

(8) Glucagon 

(9) Oestrogen

(a) The criteria to decide whether something is alive is the movement.

(b) The basic functions performed by living organisms to maintain their life on this earth are called life processes. The basic life processes common to all living organisms are ? Nutrition and Respiration; Transport and Excretion; Control and Coordination; Growth; Movement and Reproduction.

Xylem tissue is a vascular tissue in plants which carries water and minerals from the roots to the various of the plant. Xylem tissue has two types of cells ? Xylem vessels and tracheids. Both these tissues are dead cells.

There are three 4ypes of muscles in our body. The voluntary muscles bring about all the movements according to our will. Involuntary muscles bring about all vital activities of the body. The visceral organs are under the control of involuntary muscles. The cardiac muscles control the movements of heart. Carbohydrates and proteins are stored in muscles.

Something is living or non-living depends on 7 life processes.

1. Movement

Both animals and plants have the ability to move. Plants are rooted and move slowly as they grow. Their roots move down into the soil and their stems move up towards the light. Animals on the other hand move quickly and can move their entire bodies. They can move in search of food, shelter or to avoid danger.

2. Respiration

Respiration is the process of extracting energy out of the food we eat. All living things respire because they need energy to grow, to replace worn out parts and to move. Respiration takes place in the mitochondria of the cell.

3. Sensitivity

All living organisms are sensitive; this means that they have an awareness of changes in their environment. Animals respond quickly to stimuli such as heat, light, sound, touch and chemicals which have taste and smell. On the other hand, plants generally appear less sensitive and their response is slower.

4. Growth

All living organisms grow. Plants continue growing throughout their lives. Animals stop growing once they reach adulthood. Even when growth stops, materials within an animal’s body are still being replaced from its food.

5. Excretion

All living things make waste products these can be useless or harmful to it and therefore need to be got rid of. Excretion is the process of getting rid of metabolic waste. Plants store waste substances in their leaves, the waste is removed when their leaves fall off. Animals breathe out waste carbon dioxide, other waste substances leave the body in urine and sweat.

Note: Getting rid of faeces or undigested food is not excretion but egestion.

6. Reproduction

All living things must produce offspring like themselves in order for their species to survive. This is the process known as reproduction. Plants produce seeds that give rise to new plants of the same species. Animals lay eggs or have babies. Reproduction can be of two types, Sexual which involves two parents and the union of two gametes and Asexual where one

parent can reproduce itself.

7. Nutrition

Nutrition is needed for energy and growth, both plants and animals need food. Plants are able to make their own food by photosynthesis. They use sunlight to turn simple molecules like carbon dioxide and water into more complex carbohydrate molecules. Animals are unable to make their own food so rely on other plants and other animals for their nutrition. Animals take in complex substances and break them down into small, simple, soluble molecules which can be used for energy and growth

Blood pressure is the pressure exerted by blood against the wall of blood vessels while circulating. It is also called arterial blood pressure. Systolic and Diastolic pressure are the 2 parameters used to represent the blood pressure.

a. Oxidation of glucose in the muscles occur in the absence of oxygen. The end products formed are lactic acid and ATP.

b. Oxidation of glucose in body cells occur in the mitochondria in presence of oxygen. The end products are carbon dioxide, water and ATP. 

c. Breakdown of glucose anaerobically in yeast produces Ethanol, carbon dioxide and ATP.

Nutrition:

Energy required to carry out different life processes is obtained through the process of nutrition.

Depending on the mode of obtaining nutrition, organisms are classified as autotrophs or heterotrophs.

i. Autotrophs can prepare their own food from simple inorganic sources such as carbon dioxide and water. Examples: Green plants and some bacteria.

ii. Heterotrophs cannot synthesise their own food and are dependent on other organisms for obtaining complex organic substances for nutrition. Example: Animals and fungi

Usually human body performs only aerobic respiration. But in certain conditions (like heavy exercises), when body needs enormous amount of energy but oxygen supply is not enough, our body gets bounded to perform anaerobic respiration. It occurs in our muscle cells where due to anaerobic respiration, lactic acid gets produced. 

You might have experienced pain in arms or legs after doing some heavy physical exercise or work. It is because of accumulation of lactic acid in muscle cells.

Aerobic respiration occurs in mitochondria of the cell.

Heterotrophic Nutrition:

All heterotrophs depend on autotrophs for their nutrition.

The three main types of heterotrophic nutrition are:

1. Holozoic nutrition: Complex food is taken into a specialist digestive system and broken down into small pieces to be absorbed. Eg: Ameoba, Humans

2. Saprophytic nutrition: Organisms feed on dead organic remains of other organisms. Eg: Fungi like bread moulds yeast and mushrooms.

3. Parasitic nutrition: Organisms obtain food from other living organisms (the host), with the host receiving no benefit from the parasite. Eg: cascuta, ticks, lice, leeches and tape worms.

Ingestion, digestion, absorption, assimilation, egestion.

Nutrition in Human Beings:

In humans, digestion of food takes place in the alimentary canal, made up of various organs and glands.

In the mouth, food is crushed into small particles through chewing and mixed with saliva, which contains amylase for digesting starch.

On swallowing, food passes through the pharynx and oesophagus to reach the stomach. Gastric juice contains pepsin (for digesting proteins), HCl and mucus.

The hydrochloric acid creates an acidic medium which facilitates the action of the enzyme pepsin. The mucus protects the inner lining of the stomach from the action of the acid under normal conditions.

From the stomach, the food now enters the small intestine. The small intestine is the site of the complete digestion of carbohydrates, proteins and fats.

The liver secretes bile which emulsifies fat.

The pancreas secretes pancreatic juice which contains the enzymes amylase, trypsin and lipase for digesting starch, proteins and fats, respectively.

In the small intestine, carbohydrates, proteins and fats are completely digested into glucose, aminoacids, fatty acids and glycerol.

The villi of the small intestine absorb the digested food and supply it to every cell of the body.

The unabsorbed food is sent into the large intestine where more villi absorb water from this material. The rest of the material is removed from the body via the anus.

The presence of villi and microvillus in the inner lining of small intestine increases the surface area for absorption. They allow more area for the enzymes to work efficiently.

•Ingestion – consumption/taking in of food 

•Digestion – breaking up of food particles into small fragments 

•Absorption – absorption of broken down food particles into the blood 

•Assimilation – soluble food molecules move to different organs to provide energy through blood

1.b. C

2.d. All of the above

3.c. C

4.d. All of the above

5.a. A

(1) After digestion of proteins, amino acids are formed. These amino acids are used to synthesise proteins in different forms. e.g.

• In blood-Haemoglobin and antibodies are formed.
• In skin – Melanin and keratin are formed.
• In bones – Ossein is formed.
• In pancreas-Insulin and trypsin are synthesized.
• Pituitary and all other glands produce hormones by utilising amino acids.
• In muscles – Actin and myosin are formed.
• In all the cells, plasma membrane is formed by proteins. All enzymes are also synthesised using the amino acids.

Egg white contains only protein, and no fat. The digestion of proteins occurs in stomach and proteins are converted into amino acids. So amino acids will be found leaving the stomach. The absorption of amino acids occurs in small intestine. So, only water will be found leaving the small intestine.

• Protein, is a macromolecule which is formed by amino acids.
• When digestion of protein takes place, it forms different amino acids. These amino acids are transported to each cell by blood circulation.
• By protein synthesis, these amino acids are again used to make different kinds of proteins which our body needs.
• Animal proteins are said to be ‘first class proteins’ as they contain good quality amino acids.
• 4 Kcal/gm energy is obtained from the proteins.

Secretion of prostate gland seminal vesicles and Cowper’s glands along with sperms.