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In order to delete a FILE, you must have write RIGHTS to the directory CONTAINING the file.

In order to delete a file, you must have write rights to the directory containing the file.

The DD command is a special copy command OFTEN USED for floppy disks and tapes. The if= option specifies the source; the bs= is the block SIZE; and the of= option is the output.

The dd command is a special copy command often used for floppy disks and tapes. The if= option specifies the source; the bs= is the block size; and the of= option is the output.

<P>The -r option tells the cp command to recurs the directories. The -P option retains the original PERMISSIONS.

The -r option tells the cp command to recurs the directories. The -P option retains the original permissions.

The touch command is usually used to MODIFY EITHER a file’s access or MODIFICATION TIME. It can ALSO be used to create a new file.

The touch command is usually used to modify either a file’s access or modification time. It can also be used to create a new file.

CRON command is USED to SCHEDULE the task daily at the same time repeatedly ,“at” command is used to schedule the task only once i.e. to run only ONE time.

Cron command is used to schedule the task daily at the same time repeatedly ,“at” command is used to schedule the task only once i.e. to run only one time.

You can use rmdir or rm -rf to delete a directory. Answer a is incorrect, because the rm command WITHOUT any SPECIFIC flags will not delete a directory, it will only delete FILES. ANSWERS d and e point to a non-existent command.

You can use rmdir or rm -rf to delete a directory. Answer a is incorrect, because the rm command without any specific flags will not delete a directory, it will only delete files. Answers d and e point to a non-existent command.

The kill command by itself tries to allow a PROCESS to exit cleanly. You TYPE kill -9 PID, on the other HAND, to abruptly stop a process that will not quit by any other means. Also, pressing CtrI+C works for many programs. Answers b and d are only valid in some contexts, and EVEN in those contexts will not work on a hung process.

The kill command by itself tries to allow a process to exit cleanly. You type kill -9 PID, on the other hand, to abruptly stop a process that will not quit by any other means. Also, pressing CtrI+C works for many programs. Answers b and d are only valid in some contexts, and even in those contexts will not work on a hung process.

You USE the touch command to create an empty file without NEEDING to open it. Answers a and e point to invalid commands, though either of these MIGHT actually be aliased to point to a real command. Answers b and c utilize editors, and so do not satisfy the requirements of the question. actually touch is used to change the TIMESTAMPS of a file if its exits, otherwise a NEW file with current timestamps will be created.

You use the touch command to create an empty file without needing to open it. Answers a and e point to invalid commands, though either of these might actually be aliased to point to a real command. Answers b and c utilize editors, and so do not satisfy the requirements of the question. actually touch is used to change the timestamps of a file if its exits, otherwise a new file with current timestamps will be created.

Microprocessor is a program-controlled DEVICE, which FETCHES the instructions from memory, decodes and executes the instructions. Most MICRO Processor is single- chip DEVICES.

Microprocessor is a program-controlled device, which fetches the instructions from memory, decodes and executes the instructions. Most Micro Processor is single- chip devices.

8-bit PROCESSOR - 8085 I Z80 / 6800; 16-bit Processor - 8086 / 68000 / Z8000; 32-bit Processor - 80386 I 80486.

8-bit Processor - 8085 I Z80 / 6800; 16-bit Processor - 8086 / 68000 / Z8000; 32-bit Processor - 80386 I 80486.

Because 8085 PROCESSOR has 8 bit ALU (Arithmetic LOGIC Review). SIMILARLY 8086 processor has 16 bit ALU.

Because 8085 processor has 8 bit ALU (Arithmetic Logic Review). Similarly 8086 processor has 16 bit ALU.

The processor MADE of PMOS I NMOS / HMOS I HCMOS technology is CALLED 1ST / 2nd / 3RD / 4th generation processor, and it is made up of 4 / 8 / 16 / 32 BITS.

The processor made of PMOS I NMOS / HMOS I HCMOS technology is called 1st / 2nd / 3rd / 4th generation processor, and it is made up of 4 / 8 / 16 / 32 bits.

High-density n- TYPE Complimentary METAL OXIDE SILICON FIELD effect transistor.

High-density n- type Complimentary Metal Oxide Silicon field effect transistor.

The address BUS is UNIDIRECTIONAL because the address INFORMATION is always GIVEN by the Micro Processor to address a memory location of an input I OUTPUT devices.

The address bus is unidirectional because the address information is always given by the Micro Processor to address a memory location of an input I output devices.

The data bus is Bi-directional because the same bus is used for TRANSFER of data between Micro PROCESSOR and memory or INPUT / OUTPUT devices in both the DIRECTION.

The data bus is Bi-directional because the same bus is used for transfer of data between Micro Processor and memory or input / output devices in both the direction.

It has LIMITATIONS on the size of DATA. Most MICROPROCESSOR does not SUPPORT floating-point OPERATIONS.

It has limitations on the size of data. Most Microprocessor does not support floating-point operations.

In Microprocessor more op-codes, few bit handling INSTRUCTIONS. But in Microcontroller: fewer op-codes, more bit handling Instructions, and also it is defined as a DEVICE that includes micro PROCESSOR, MEMORY, & input / output signal lines on a single chip.

In Microprocessor more op-codes, few bit handling instructions. But in Microcontroller: fewer op-codes, more bit handling Instructions, and also it is defined as a device that includes micro processor, memory, & input / output signal lines on a single chip.

Latch is a D- type flip-flop used as a temporary STORAGE device controlled by a TIMING signal, which can store 0 or 1. The primary function of a Latch is DATA storage. It is used in output DEVICES such as LED, to hold the data for display.

Latch is a D- type flip-flop used as a temporary storage device controlled by a timing signal, which can store 0 or 1. The primary function of a Latch is data storage. It is used in output devices such as LED, to hold the data for display.

Microprocessor contain ROM CHIP because it contain INSTRUCTIONS to EXECUTE data.

Microprocessor contain ROM chip because it contain instructions to execute data.

In primary storage device the storage capacity is limited. It has a VOLATILE memory. In secondary storage device the storage capacity is larger. It is a nonvolatile memory. Primary DEVICES are: RAM / ROM. Secondary devices are: Floppy DISC I Hard DISK.

In primary storage device the storage capacity is limited. It has a volatile memory. In secondary storage device the storage capacity is larger. It is a nonvolatile memory. Primary devices are: RAM / ROM. Secondary devices are: Floppy disc I Hard disk.

STATIC RAM: No refreshing, 6 to 8 MOS transistors are required to form one memory cell, INFORMATION stored as voltage level in a FLIP flop.

Dynamic RAM: Refreshed periodically, 3 to 4 transistors are required to form one memory cell, Information is stored as a charge in the gate to SUBSTRATE capacitance.

Static RAM: No refreshing, 6 to 8 MOS transistors are required to form one memory cell, Information stored as voltage level in a flip flop.

Dynamic RAM: Refreshed periodically, 3 to 4 transistors are required to form one memory cell, Information is stored as a charge in the gate to substrate capacitance.

INTERRUPT is a signal send by external DEVICE to the processor so as to REQUEST the processor to perform a particular work.

Interrupt is a signal send by external device to the processor so as to request the processor to perform a particular work.

Cache memory is a SMALL high-speed memory. It is used for TEMPORARY STORAGE of data &AMP; information between the main memory and the CPU (center processing unit). The cache memory is only in RAM.

Cache memory is a small high-speed memory. It is used for temporary storage of data & information between the main memory and the CPU (center processing unit). The cache memory is only in RAM.

CACHE MEMORY is SCRATCH PAD of COMPUTER.

Cache Memory is scratch pad of computer.

FLOATING .gate Avalanche INJECTION MOS (FAMOS) transistor is USED in each cell of EPROM.

Floating .gate Avalanche Injection MOS (FAMOS) transistor is used in each cell of EPROM.

RAM: READ / Write memory, High SPEED, Volatile Memory. ROM: Read only memory, Low Speed, NON Voliate Memory.

RAM: Read / Write memory, High Speed, Volatile Memory. ROM: Read only memory, Low Speed, Non Voliate Memory.

Compiler is used to translate the high-level LANGUAGE PROGRAM into MACHINE code at a time. It doesn’t REQUIRE special instruction to STORE in a memory, it stores automatically. The Execution time is less compared to Interpreter.

Compiler is used to translate the high-level language program into machine code at a time. It doesn’t require special instruction to store in a memory, it stores automatically. The Execution time is less compared to Interpreter.

All X86 PROCESSORS have PIPELINED STRUCTURE.

All x86 processors have pipelined structure.

Flag is a flip-flop USED to store the information about the STATUS of a processor and the status of the instruction executed most RECENTLY .

Flag is a flip-flop used to store the information about the status of a processor and the status of the instruction executed most recently .

Stack is a PORTION of RAM used for SAVING the content of PROGRAM Counter and general purpose registers.

Stack is a portion of RAM used for saving the content of Program Counter and general purpose registers.

ROM cannot be USED as STACK because it is not POSSIBLE to WRITE to ROM.

ROM cannot be used as stack because it is not possible to write to ROM.

NONVOLATILE Read Write MEMORY, also called FLASH memory. It is also know as SHADOW RAM.

Nonvolatile Read Write Memory, also called Flash memory. It is also know as shadow RAM.

8 bit microprocessors are used in a VARIETY of applications such as APPLIANCES automobiles ,INDUSTRIAL process and control applications.

8 bit microprocessors are used in a variety of applications such as appliances automobiles ,industrial process and control applications.

The front LAYER takes care of network CONNECTIONS and security authentications, the MIDDLE layer does the SQL query parsing, and then the query is handled off to the storage engine. A storage engine could be either a default one SUPPLIED with MySQL (MyISAM) or a commercial one supplied by a third-party vendor (ScaleDB, InnoDB, etc.)

The front layer takes care of network connections and security authentications, the middle layer does the SQL query parsing, and then the query is handled off to the storage engine. A storage engine could be either a default one supplied with MySQL (MyISAM) or a commercial one supplied by a third-party vendor (ScaleDB, InnoDB, etc.)

Table-level LOCKS ALLOW the user to lock the entire table, page-level locks allow locking of certain portions of the tables (those portions are referred to as tables), row-level locks are the most GRANULAR and allow locking of SPECIFIC rows.

Table-level locks allow the user to lock the entire table, page-level locks allow locking of certain portions of the tables (those portions are referred to as tables), row-level locks are the most granular and allow locking of specific rows.

Each row has two ADDITIONAL columns ASSOCIATED with it - creation TIME and deletion time, but instead of storing timestamps, MySQL STORES version NUMBERS.

Each row has two additional columns associated with it - creation time and deletion time, but instead of storing timestamps, MySQL stores version numbers.

A SET of instructions/queries that should be EXECUTED or rolled BACK as a single atomic UNIT.

A set of instructions/queries that should be executed or rolled back as a single atomic unit.

I’d like to communicate the basic ideas — that Linux is a good BIOS, and why; why Linux BIOS is BUILT the way it is; where we are going; and how people can help. Most importantly, why it all matters — and it really matters a lot. We’re on the verge of losing control of the systems we buy, and we need to make a conscious EFFORT, as a COMMUNITY, to ensure this loss of control does not HAPPEN. That effort will not be without some sacrifice, but if we are to maintain our ability to use and program our machines, and have FUN with them, we have to act now. Because, if the computing business stops being fun, what’s the point$

I’d like to communicate the basic ideas — that Linux is a good BIOS, and why; why Linux BIOS is built the way it is; where we are going; and how people can help. Most importantly, why it all matters — and it really matters a lot. We’re on the verge of losing control of the systems we buy, and we need to make a conscious effort, as a community, to ensure this loss of control does not happen. That effort will not be without some sacrifice, but if we are to maintain our ability to use and program our machines, and have fun with them, we have to act now. Because, if the computing business stops being fun, what’s the point$

Yes, these are internet terminals that were built in India, based on the [x86 system-on-chip] STPC chip, I am told; also, there evidently is a Turkish-built digital TV that runs Linux BIOS. I have also HEARD that there are routers and many other embedded devices running Linux BIOS. I think at this point that 1 million is a low number. I am in contact with other set-top BOX vendors that are talking about numbers in the lOs of MILLIONS for their PRODUCTS. These numbers actually make the OLPC numbers seem small, which is in it AMAZING.

Yes, these are internet terminals that were built in India, based on the [x86 system-on-chip] STPC chip, I am told; also, there evidently is a Turkish-built digital TV that runs Linux BIOS. I have also heard that there are routers and many other embedded devices running Linux BIOS. I think at this point that 1 million is a low number. I am in contact with other set-top box vendors that are talking about numbers in the lOs of millions for their products. These numbers actually make the OLPC numbers seem small, which is in it amazing.

yy - COPY a SINGLE LINE defined by current cursor position
3yy - copy 3 LINES. Current line and two lines below it.

yy - copy a single line defined by current cursor position
3yy - copy 3 lines. Current line and two lines below it.

Use command: ZZ that is SAVE changes and quit.
Use command line: ":wq" that is WRITE changes and quit.
Use command line: ":q!" to IGNORE changes and quit.

Use command: ZZ that is save changes and quit.
Use command line: ":wq" that is write changes and quit.
Use command line: ":q!" to ignore changes and quit.

Three MODES -
Command MODE: letters or SEQUENCE of letters INTERACTIVELY command vi.
Insert mode: Text is inserted.
Command line mode: enter this mode by typing ":" and entry command line at the foot of the screen.

Three modes -
Command mode: letters or sequence of letters interactively command vi.
Insert mode: Text is inserted.
Command line mode: enter this mode by typing ":" and entry command line at the foot of the screen.

CD -

cd -

for i in *LOG*; do RM $i; DONE

for i in *log*; do rm $i; done

Use tail command - output the last part of FILES
tail -N file_name ( the last N lines, INSTEAD of the last 10 as DEFAULT)

Use tail command - output the last part of files
tail -n file_name ( the last N lines, instead of the last 10 as default)

Use DIFF command that is COMPARE FILES LINE by line
diff -u /usr/home/my_project1/etc/ABC.conf /usr/home/my_project2/etc/ABC.conf

Use diff command that is compare files line by line
diff -u /usr/home/my_project1/etc/ABC.conf /usr/home/my_project2/etc/ABC.conf

Top PROVIDES an ongoing look at processor activity in real time.It DISPLAYS a listing of the most CPU-intensive tasks on the system, and can provide an interactive inter¬ FACE for MANIPULATING processes. (q is to quit)

Top provides an ongoing look at processor activity in real time.It displays a listing of the most CPU-intensive tasks on the system, and can provide an interactive inter¬ face for manipulating processes. (q is to quit)

GENERAL REGULAR EXPRESSION PARSER.

General Regular Expression Parser.

USE tar command (The GNU VERSION of the tar ARCHIVING utility):
tar -zxvf file_name.tar.gz

Use tar command (The GNU version of the tar archiving utility):
tar -zxvf file_name.tar.gz

Files come in eight flavors:
Normal files
Directories
HARD links
Symbolic links
Sockets
Named pipes
Character DEVICES
BLOCK devices

Files come in eight flavors:
Normal files
Directories
Hard links
Symbolic links
Sockets
Named pipes
Character devices
Block devices