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Extra chromosomal element in bacterial cells are plasmids.

Correct Answer is: (d) Histones

The most abundant polypeptide in bacterial cell wall is porin.

In mycorrihiza, relationship fungi absorbs nutrition from the root and in turn the hyphal network of mycorrhiza forming fungi helps the plant to absorb water and mineral nutrients from the soil.

Herbarium is a dried plant specimen that is pressed, treated and mounted on a standard size sheet in order to preserve it. [Note: Herbarium is a collection of dried, pressed and labelled plant specimens arranged by a classification system.]

It is also essential to record the date, place of collection along with detailed classification and highlighting with its ecological peculiarities, characters of the plant on a sheet. Local names of plant specimens and name of the collector may be added. This information is given at lower right comer of sheet and is called ‘label’.

(b) mycology.

(d) Azolobacter

(c) glycerol and isopropyl ethers

(c) Cyanophages

Fungi showing both sexual and asexual phases are called holomorph.

John Webster, G.C. Ainsworth, T.S. Sadasivan and C.V. Subramanian.

Animals sense their surroundings by sense organs. This is called consciousness. Respond of plants to the stimuli is called irritability.

(b) Treponema pallidum

Fungal partner of lichen is called as mycobiont. Algal partner of lichen is called as phycobiont.

3 types of mycorrhiza: 

1. Ectomycorrhiza 

2. Endomycorrhiza and 

3. Ectendomycorrhiza

(b) Dermacarpa

The Importance Of Mycorrhiza:

1. Helps to derive nutrition in Monotropa, a saprophytic angiosperm. 

2. Improves the availability of minerals and water to the plants. 

3. Provides drought resistance to the plants. 

4. Protects roots of higher plants from the attack of plant pathogens.

Usnic acid is obtained from lichen acting as antibiotics.

Growth is an intrinsic property of all living organisms through which they can increase cells both in number and mass.

The fungi belonging to deuteromycetes lack sexual reproduction and are called imperfect fungi.

If the fungal partner of lichen belongs to ascomycetes, it is called ascolichen and if it is basidiomycetes it is called basidiolichen.

(d) Coprophilous

(c) deuteromycetes

(c) Deuteromycetes

(c) zygomycetes

(c) Actinomycetes

Viruses infecting blue green algae are called Cyanophages and are first reported by Safferman and Morris in the year 1963.

Lichen is a symbiotic association between algae and fungi.

In leprose form of lichen distinct fungal layer is absent.

Lichen are used as pollution indicators.

Rice tungro is caused by viruses.

Viruses infecting bacteria are called bacteriophages. It literally means ‘eaters of bacteria’. Phages are abundant in soil, sewage water, fruits, vegetables and milk.

Mycophages infect fungi.

Linnaeus classification faced major setback because prokaryotes and eukaryotes were grouped together. Similarly fungi, heterotrophic organisms were placed along with the photosynthetic plants.

Nosloc sps. is an endophyte in coralloid roots of Cycas.

A cyanobacteria called Trichodesmium erythraeum imparts red colour to sea.

Nostoc and Anabaena.

Little leaf of brinjal, witches broom of legumes, phyllody of cloves and sandal spike are some plant diseases caused by mycoplasma.

The presence of mucilage around the thallus is characteristic feature of cyanobacteria group. Therefore, this group is also called Myxophyceae.

(c) Salmonella typhi

(c) Aspergillus oryzae

(c) Claviceps purpurea

Fungi are ubiquitous, eukaryotic, achlorophyllous heterotrophic organisms. They exist in unicellular or multicellular forms.

Virusoids are the small circular RNAs which are similar to viroids but they are always linked with larger molecules of the viral RNA.

Penicillin was discovered by Alexander Flemming in 1928.

Viroids were discovered by Diener.

Viroids were discovered by T.O. Diener in 1971. Virusoids were discovered by J.W.Randles in 1981.

Two Disease: 

1. Citrus exocortis 

2. Potato spindle tuber disease

Viroid is a circular molecule of ssRNA without a capsid. RNA is of low molecular weight.