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Maps produced by analysis can be used to pinpoint problem areas GIS 

The introduction of web mapping is a major new trend in cartography. The term Web cartography is connected with the design, production, display and use of maps over the Web. Various types of maps are present on the Web. Until recently cartography was restricted as it required relatively expensive and complex hardware and software as well as skilled cartographers and geomatics engineers.

Web based GIS has brought many geographical datasets, including free ones generated by OpenStreetMap and proprietary datasets owned by Navteq, Google, Waze, and others. A range of free software to generate maps has also been conceived and implemented alongside proprietary tools like ArcGIS. As a result, the barrier to entry for serving maps on the web has been lowered.

Scale makes it possible to reduce the size of the whole earth to show it on a piece of paper. A scale is a ratio between the actual distance on the map to the actual distance on the ground. Scales can be represented in three methods. They are the Statement, Representative Fraction (R.F) and Linear or Graphical scale methods.

Statement scale The statement scale describes the relationship of map distance to ground distance in words, such as one centimetre to ten kilometres. It is expressed as 1cm =10 km.

The Representative Fraction (R.F) It describes the proportion or ratio of the map distance to ground distance. It is usually abbreviated as R.F. It is stated as 1/100000 (or) 1:100000. This means that one unit on the map represents 100,000 of the same unit on the ground. This unit may be an inch or a centimetre or any other linear measurement unit. Thus, Representative Fraction (R.F.) = Distance on the map/ Distance on the ground

With maps on hand, one can see the world in one sweep. A map is worth a thousand words. Maps are introduced with its components such as scale, signs and symbols. A map is the basic tool of a geographer. It illustrates the earth’s surface clearly and effectively through a combination of drawings, words and symbols. A map is a location guide.

1. Satellite imagery refers to digitally transmitted images of the satellites. Therefore it can be easily integrated with software for improvement of images.

2. Satellites circle the Earth, or remain geostationary and therefore, changes in weather or any other natural or man made modifications does not affect the functioning of Satellites.

The three methods in widest use are as follows: 

1. Projection on the surface of a cylinder 

2. Projection on to the surface of a cone 

3. Projection directly onto a flat plane, called planar or zenithal or azimuthal projection

The location of a place can be simply defined by its latitude and longitude. In normal practice, latitude is stated first and then comes the longitude. The latitude and longitude of a place can be expressed in units of degree, minutes and seconds.

A grid is a set of lines with alphanumeric codes for defining a location on a map in many topographical sheets. The lines that run horizontally from left to right of the map are known as northings, whereas, the lines that run vertically from the top to the bottom of the map are called eastings. The points at which the vertical and horizontal lines of the grid intersect are called coordinates which are identified by numbers or letters.

1. (e) 

2. (d) 

3. (b) 

4. (c) 

5. (a)

(a) Both (A) and (R) are true ; (R) explains (A)

The Global Positioning System (GPS) is a U.S. owned utility that provides users with positioning, navigation and timing services (PNT). This system consists of three segments: the space segment, the control segment and the user segment.

Space Segment: 

This is formed by a Satellite Constellation with enough satellites to ensure that the users will have at least 4 simaltaneous satellites in view from any point at the Earth Surface at any time.

(d) satellite imagery

Representative Fraction (R.F.) = Distance on the map / Distance on the ground Given, Distance on the map = 5 cm

Distance on the ground = 5 km

∴ R.F. = 5 cm / 5 km

Converting km to cm; 5 km = 500000 cm

So R.F. is 5 : 500000

i.e. R.F. is 1 : 100000

Remote Sensing refers to the observation and measurement of earthly objects without touching them. ‘Remote’ means far away and ‘Sensing’ means observing or collecting information. Remote sensing means acquiring information of things/places from a distance, using a variety of tools and methods.

Bhuvan (Sanskrit for Earth) is a free internet based computer application launched by the Indian Space Research Organization (ISRO) on August 12th 2009. It enables visualization of Indian Remote Sensing (IRS) images taken over a year ago, by ISRO’s seven satellites, including CartoSat1 and CartoSat-2. Using Bhuvan connected to Internet, one can explore places of interest, scenes of events in the news or parts around the world they may never visit in person, by either entering the names of places or co-ordinates (latitudes and longitudes). Bhuvan has tremendous uses for scientists, academicians, policy makers and the general public.

Advantages 

Bhuvan, due to 3D rendering, gives the impression of moving through real space through the entire globe

• Students can use Bhuvan to understand subjects ranging from Sciences to History of places.
• It provides information on natural resources and timely information on disasters.
• Administrators use it for monitoring various developmental schemes.

Chain, Prismatic compass, Plane table, Dumpy level, Abney level, Clinometre, Theodolite, Total Station and GNSS are some of the surveying instruments.

No, we cannot imagine a world without satellites. 

1. Our lives would change in so many ways. Millions of people would be affected as they can’t speak through mobile phones or send messages, TV shows would be missed, important informations cannot be passed on quickly and so on.

2. Scientific studies would be greatly restricted. 

3. Army people would face difficulty in coordinating for international operations. 

4. Spying would be impossible.

5. There will be navigation issues, communication issues, etc.

Cartographers are trained in aerial photography and in collecting survey data for preparing maps, charts and sketches.

They work to create detailed information maps based on survey data.

Ideas to improve Chennai

1. Maintaining the ecological process in Chennai. 

2. Balancing the essential infrastructures of the urban areas. 

3. Improving the connectivity in and around South Chennai from the main city.

4. Improving Civic Services

Chennai corporation is set to upgrade its Geographical Information System (GIS) services. This was used for the creation of digital base and Utility mapping using GIS technology in 44,000 streets in Chennai.

(a) Anaximander