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Right choice is (d) Can access all the member of its class

The EXPLANATION is: The PUBLIC member function can access any PRIVATE, protected and public member of its class. Not only public member function, any member function of a class can access each and EVERY other member DECLARED inside the class. Hence are flexible to program.

Right choice is (a) True

To explain: The main() function MUST always be public. This is because the whole function and the OPERATING system that is out of the PACKAGE have to access the main function throughout the program EXECUTION. Hence the main() function should be public so as to be available everywhere in the program.

Correct choice is (b) False

To explain I would say: The public MEMBERS of the base class can be accessed from the DERIVED class object only if public inheritance is used. If PROTECTED or PRIVATE inheritance is used then those members become public/protected in derived class and hence won’t be able to be CALLED from object of the derived class.

Correct ANSWER is (B) Use private inheritance

The EXPLANATION is: If private inheritance is USED then the class CONTAINING the function will be able to use the function with rules of whichever specifier is used. Then the derived class makes those function the private members of itself. This restricts the public members of parent class from further inheritance.

The correct OPTION is (b) object.functionName(parameters);

Easiest explanation - The condition given says that there is no return TYPE HENCE we can call the FUNCTION DIRECTLY. The object name should be mentioned with a dot operator to access its class members. Then the function name with parameters, if required, can be given.

Correct answer is (a) Can be called from object of enclosing CLASS

Easiest explanation - The closest DEFINITION is that any PUBLIC MEMBER function of the nested class can be accessed with the help of enclosing class object. The nested class object pointer can be used only within the enclosing class. It’s not mandatory to use the MEMBERS of nested class only within the enclosing class.

Right choice is (C) USING object of class with arrow operator

For explanation: The public members can be accessed ANYWHERE in the program using the object of the class. And if object pointer is USED, then arrow operator is used to access class members. If NORMAL object is used with arrow operator, an error will be generated.

The CORRECT answer is (d) As many as required

Explanation: The NUMBER of PUBLIC members that can be defined in a class doesn’t have any limit. Though the programmer should not use too many functions, instead should use another class for more specific functions to reduce the READABILITY complexity.

The correct ANSWER is (b) Keyword PUBLIC must be preceded with all the public members

For explanation: The public members in java must be preceded with the keyword public. It must be mentioned with each public member, unlike C++ where we MENTION it only once. In java, each member must have explicit declaration of specifier type.

Right option is (a) public:

The best I can EXPLAIN: The syntax in C++ MUST contain the public keyword followed by a colon. THEREAFTER, all the public members can be DECLARED. But in few other LANGUAGE, public have to be mentioned explicitly with each member.

Correct answer is (B) public void functionName(parameters)

The explanation is: The public member functions declaration must be MENTIONED with the KEYWORD public. The SYNTAX given is USED in java. Keyword public is followed by the usual function declaration.

The correct answer is (c) Public MEMBER FUNCTIONS

Explanation: The public member functions gets into the same specifier in which the inheritance is done. If PROTECTED members are INVOLVED in public inheritance, still those remain protected in the derived class but public members BECOME public on public inheritance and protected in protected inheritance.

Right answer is (d) Public MEMBER functions can be called using object of class

The EXPLANATION: The public member functions can be called using object of the class. The members can’t be declared OUTSIDE the class as those WOULD become non-member functions of the class. The functions have security as those can be accessed using the class object only.

Correct choice is (C) Functions accessible everywhere using OBJECT of class

The EXPLANATION is: The most suitable definition WOULD be that public member functions are accessible everywhere using object of the class. If derived CLASSES are using those, derived class object can be used to call those functions.

The CORRECT answer is (b) Can access the standard OUTPUT

To EXPLAIN I would say: The private MEMBERS can access any standard input or output. There is no restriction on access to any input or output stream. And since standard input can also be USED hence only accessing the output stream is not true.

Correct choice is (d) No, never

To explain: The reason GIVEN in option “No, because main function is USER defined” is wrong. The proper reason that the main function should not be private is that it should be ACCESSIBLE in whole PROGRAM. This MAKES the program flexible.

The CORRECT choice is (a) Can’t access private message

The best explanation: The private MEMBERS access from outside the CLASS produce an error. The error states that the code at some LINE can’t access the private members. And DENIES the access terminating the program.

Correct option is (a) Call a public member function which calls private function

For EXPLANATION: The private member FUNCTIONS can be accessed within the class. A public member function can be called which in TURN calls the private member function. This maintains the security and adheres to the rules of private members.

The CORRECT OPTION is (c) protected SHOW()

For explanation: The protected members are available within the CLASS. And are also available in DERIVED classes. But these members are treated as private members for outside the class and inheritance structure. Hence can’t be accessed.

Right option is (a) Can’t be called from ENCLOSING CLASS

Easiest EXPLANATION - The NESTED class members can’t be accessed in the enclosed class even THOUGH other members can be accessed. This is to ensure the class members security and not to go against the rules of private members.

Correct option is (d) As MANY as required

The explanation is: There are no conditions applied on the NUMBER of private member functions that can be declared in a class. THOUGH the system may restrict use of too many functions depending on MEMORY.

Right option is (C) Using address of MEMBER FUNCTION

To explain I would say: Even the private member functions can be called outside the class. This is POSSIBLE if address of the function is KNOWN. We can use the address to call the function outside the class.

The correct option is (d) Keyword private preceding each private member

The BEST I can explain: The private keyword must be MENTIONED before each private member. UNLIKE the RULE in C++ to specify private once and LIST all other private member’s, in java all member declarations must be preceded by the keyword private.

Right option is (c) PRIVATE functionName(parameters)

Best explanation: The function declaration must contain private keyword FOLLOWER by the return type and function name. Private keyword is followed by NORMAL function declaration.

Correct OPTION is (a) Private member function

To explain: The private member FUNCTIONS can never be accessed in the derived classes. The ACCESS specifiers is of MAXIMUM security that allows only the MEMBERS of self class to access the private member functions.

Right ANSWER is (b) The private members can be accessed by public members of the CLASS

Easiest explanation - The private members are accessible within the class. There is no RESTRICTION on use of private members by public or PROTECTED members. All the members can access the private MEMBER functions of the class.

Correct CHOICE is (b) Is optional, always

Explanation: The use of CONST MEMBER functions is not mandatory. If const objects are involved then there is a HIGH use of const member functions too. But there is no mandatory CONDITION.

Correct option is (d) Returns const reference

The EXPLANATION is: The FUNCTION returns a const reference. This is to ensure that the value of object CALLING the function is not modified. This is a security feature.

Correct answer is (B) To have different signature

The best I can explain: The FUNCTIONS are CONSIDERED to have different signature. This is because the const-ness also defines the type of function or the working of functions. And HENCE the functions can be considered different. This is the reason that we can use function overloading for const and non-const version of same function.

Right option is (b) const RETURNTYPE FUNCTIONNAME(parameters);

To explain I would say: The function declaration must contain the keyword const. The const keyword makes the function const type. The usual function declaration can be GIVEN followed by the keyword. The keyword const can be given after the declaration of function and before DEFINITION.

Correct answer is (a) RETURN value have to be different in const

The explanation is: The return values can help to overload the functions. ALSO, this will allow us to USE a non-const function to be CALLED INSIDE both the const and non-const version of functions.

Correct answer is (c) Function overloading

The best I can EXPLAIN: The FUNCTIONS can be declared CONST and non-const in the same program. The TECHNIQUE USED is function overloading. We can define a const function and then a non-const version of same function using overloading.

Correct option is (a) True

Explanation: The functions in a program can be made both const and non-const. This FEATURE is made available to make programming more flexible. This ENSURES the security too as we can CALL const FUNCTION whenever required.

Right CHOICE is (d) No, never

Best explanation: The constructors can’t be MADE const. This is to ensure that the constructor is CAPABLE of initializing the values to the members of the object. If it is made constant then it won’t be able to INITIALIZE any data member values.

Right OPTION is (b) Compile TIME error may get PRODUCED

Easiest explanation - The program gets compiled but produces an error. The error is produced because a constant value is being CHANGED. Even if there is no code that can change any object value, but non-const MEMBER functions are assumed to change the values.

Right answer is (a) CONST member FUNCTIONS can’t CALL non-const member functions

Best explanation: The const member functions are RESTRICTED to call any other non-const member functions. This is to ensure that the const FUNCTION doesn’t have any code that might modify the calling object.

Correct option is (a) Can be called only from non-const object

The best I can explain: The non-const functions are able to modify the values of object which called the function. So only the non-const functions can be called. If const object is used then the COMPILER PRODUCES an error as the const object is being GIVEN to a function which can modify its values.

Correct choice is (C) Both const and NON-const objects

For EXPLANATION: All the objects of a class can CALL const functions for its use. Const objects can call the const functions to SINCE those values are already constant. And the non- const objects can call the const functions to keep their values constant.

The correct option is (B) Const

To explain: The keyword const is PROVIDED in most of the programming languages. This indicates that the member on which it is specified remains constant with the respective VALUES of members. The keyword MUST be mentioned so as to declare a member FUNCTION to be constant.

The correct OPTION is (a) Functions which doesn’t change VALUE of calling OBJECT

Easy explanation - The constant member functions are a special type of member functions. These are intended to restrict any modification in to the values of object which is USED to invoke that function. This is done to ENSURE that there are no accidental modifications to the object.

Right option is (C) Polymorphism

To explain: The polymorphism feature is exhibited by function OVERRIDING. Polymorphism is the feature which basically DEFINES that same NAMED functions can have more than one functionalities.

Correct choice is (a) It is not necessary for DERIVED CLASSES to override those functions

To explain I would say: The derived classes doesn’t have to REDEFINE and override the base class functions. If one DEFINITION is already given it is not mandatory for any derived class to override those functions. The base class definition will be used.

The correct answer is (d) Are overridden by the definition in derived CLASS

Easiest explanation - The functions declared to be abstract in BASE class are redefined in derived CLASSES. That is, the functions are overridden by the definitions given in the derived classes. This must be DONE to GIVE at least one definition to each undefined function.

Correct option is (b) Open

Explanation: The FUNCTION to be OVERRIDDEN must be open. This is a condition in KOTLIN for any function to be overridden. This avoids accidental overriding.

Correct CHOICE is (a) KEYWORD super

The best I can explain: The keyword super must be used to ACCESS base CLASS members. Even when overriding is used, super must be used with the dot operator. The overriding is possible.