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The double headed arrow at of border resizes a window side Comer.

(c) Auto rearrange

To exit windows, press Alt+X.

(c) User’s program is not secured

(c) Double clicking

(b) Multi-user operating system

(d) Dialog box

The feature they all have in common is that all of them are used by moving the pointer across the image display, creating brush-strokes. 

(i ) Four of them 

• the Pencil, 
• the Paintbrush, 
• the Airbrush and 
• the Ink tool 

behave like the intuitive notion of “painting” with a brush. Pencil, Paintbrush, and Airbrush are called “basic painting tools” or brush tools. 

(ii) The other tools use a brush to modify an image in some way rather than paint on it: 

• the Bucket Fill fills with color or pattern; 
• the Gradient fills with gradients; 
• the Eraser erases; 
• the Clone tool copies from a pattern, or image; 
• the Perspective Clone tool copies into a changed perspective; 
• the Heal tool corrects small defects; 
• the Convolve tool blurs or sharpens; 
• the Smudge tool smears; 
• and the Dodge /Burn tool lightens or darkens. The advantages of using GIMP with a tablet instead of a mouse probably show up more clearly for brush tools. These tools also have special “Pressure sensitivity” options that are only usable with a tablet.

Period (.) is used to separate file name from the extension.

The MS Windows screen contains of all.

(a) Recycle Bin

BMP is the extension of MS-Paint.

Mouse is the pointing device.

The biggest difference is the greatly improved security updates with XP. There are less glitches and breakdowns with XP. The following is from Microsoft’s website: Microsoft Windows 98, Windows 98 Second Edition (SE), Windows 95, and Windows NT Workstation do not include many of the security features of our latest operating system,

Windows XP with Service Pack 2. It is recommended that you should upgrade your operating system by acquiring Windows XP Professional or Windows XP Home Edition so that you can take advantage of the many security features. 

Benefits of upgrading to Windows XP with SP2 include: 

1. Windows Security Center: Enables you to manage your computer updates, your firewall, and even your antivirus software with a single view of important settings and tools. Also provides alerts when security settings are at risk. 

2. Windows Firewall: Helps in increasing computer security and reduce the risk of network and Internet-based attacks as soon as you start your computer. Turned on by default and built-in to your operating system. 

3. Automatic Updates: Helps you automatically stay up-to-date with the latest updates for your operating system. Also, includes new technology to make it easier for dial-up customers to download updates. 

4. Internet Explorer download monitoring: Warns you about potentially harmful downloads and gives you the option to block files that could be malicious. 

5. Internet Explorer Add-on Manager: Enhances security and reduces the potential for crashes by allowing you to manage Internet Explorer add-ons (programs that have been added to the Web browser). 

6. Internet Explorer Pop-up blocker: Makes browsing of the Internet more enjoyable by enabling you to reduce unwanted ads and content. 

7. Attachment Manager: Monitors and disables potentially unsafe e-mail attachments, which could contain viruses that might spread through Internet Explorer, Outlook Express, and Windows Messenger. 

8. Outlook Express privacy update: Helps reduce unwanted e-mail by limiting the possibility of your e-mail address being validated by potential spammers.

A calculator is a device that performs arithmetic operations on numbers. The simplest calculators can do only addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division. More sophisticated calculators can handle exponential operations, roots, logarithms, trigonometric functions, and hyperbolic functions. Internally, some calculators actually perform all of these functions by repeated processes of addition.

In the modern world, some pocket calculators are so powerful that they are really computers in their own. Many come with powerful programming capablities and graphics. The rapid development of different calculators make calculations faster and more convenient. In the following, special functions of different kinds of calculators are introduced.

1. Basic Scientific Calculators: 

Scientific calculators offer, in addition to the basic arithmetic operations, transcendental functions such as sines, logarithms and powers. These functions are computed as required by the calculator using series expansions. Before calculators were available, you would have looked these functions up in tables (to a much more limited accuracy). They are heavily used by mathematics, science and engineering students. In addition, these devices usually include a range of statistical functions to compute means and standard deviations, combinatorial calculations and possibly linear regression. Most can also convert between different number bases and apply logic operators such as AND and XOR. These are especially useful to people working with computers and logic design. The number of functions means that calculator designers have had to assign two or more of them to each button, which makes it look fairly complicated when compared to a simple arithmetic calculator. Because of the demand from school students, calculators in this category are produced in large numbers (with several million sold worldwide each year) and consequently the prices are relatively low.

2. Advanced Scientific Calculators: 

Some manufacturers have tried to make scientific calculators easier to use by having a two-line display. An algebraic * style expression is entered on one line and the answer can be displayed on the second line. The advantage is that the expression can be edited and the result re-calculated. The user has to observe the correct syntax, however, some users prefer the conventional style of calculator. Other features in these advanced scientific calculators are fractions and programmability. The programmables can be given a sequence of instructions for complex calculations which are frequently used. In practice, programming is quite difficult using the limited language and display capabilities of pocket calculators and tends to resemble programming in assembly code. If you need to write programs, it probably makes more sense to use a computer.

3. Graphing Scientific Calculators: 

Graphing calculators allow you to display an expression in graphical form. This tends to be of most use in education where a student can quickly display a trancendental function or expression, which helps in understanding. The effect of changing parameters in the expression can also be observed. This has made graphing calculators very popular in education. It has to be said that for graphical output the displays on these devices are quite limited, with a resolution considerably less than most PDAs. If you need to plot real data, for example, you will probably want to use a computer. The larger display size of the graphing calculators, whilst of limited use for curve plotting, makes it possible for the designers to add additional ease-of-use features, and so most of these calculators include some kind of menu system. This also means that more features can be added without further adding to the complexity of the calculator key layout. Most graphing calculators are also programmable, and the larger display makes programming easier and allows programs to interact with the user more effectively. Many calculators also have an optional connector to exchange data and software with a computer, which allows you to download software from the Internet. 

4. Financial Calculators: 

Financial calculators are designed for people working with money, particularly those making investment decisions over long periods where the time value of money becomes significant. The classic financial calculator of the 1980’s was the HP12C, which is still made, albeit with updated electronics. The most important application in financial calculators is the time value of money. In essence, the calculator solves for the initial amount, interest (or discount) rate, the final amount, the number of periods, and the repeating payment (possibly zero). You can input all of these values with the exception of one, which the calculator then solves for. This allows you to compute all kinds of mortgages, leases and investments. Other features are typically date functions, depreciation and bond and option calculations. Most financial calculators are programmable, but as for the programmable scientific calculators, programming is not easy with a limited display and programming language. However, the manufacturers often supply useful pre-written software for solving more complex problems. 

5. Others: There are some modem calculators which can combine all these functions listed above, and they are called multi-functional calculators.

In Menu bar, file option is available in window.

(c) Content Pane

In general, a shortcut is a path that is shorter than the usual or formal path to something or a method of operation that saves time over the regular operation. In Windows 95 and later operating systems, a shortcut is a computer desktop icon that enables a user to easily see and select a particular program or data object. The operating system comes with some shortcuts already visible on the desktop.

Windows OS, computer operating system (OS) are developed by Microsoft Corporation to run personal computers (PCs). Featuring the first graphical user interface (GUI) for IBM-compatible PCs, the Windows OS soon dominated the PC market. Approximately 90 percent of PCs run some version of Windows

The first version of Windows, released in 1985, was simply a GUI offered as an extension of Microsoft’s existing disk operating system, or MS-DOS. Based in part on licensed concepts that Apple Inc. had used for its Macintosh System Software, Windows for the first time allowed DOS users to visually navigate a virtual desktop, opening graphical “windows” displaying the contents of electronic folders and files with the click of a mouse button, rather than typing commands and directory paths at a text prompt.

Subsequent versions introduced greater functionality, including native Windows File Manager, Program Manager, and Print Manager programs, and a more dynamic interface. Microsoft also developed specialized Windows packages, including the networkable Windows for Workgroups and the high-powered Windows NT, aimed at businesses. The 1995 consumer release Windows 95 were fully integrated Windows and DOS and offered built-in Internet support, including the World Wide Web browser Internet Explorer.

With the 2001 release of Windows XP, Microsoft united its various Windows packages under a single banner, offering multiple editions for consumers, businesses, multimedia developers, and others. Windows XP abandoned the longused Windows 95 kernel (core software code) for a more powerful code base and offered a more practical interface and improved application and memory management. The highly successful XP standard was succeeded in late 2006 by Windows Vista, which experienced a troubled rollout and met with considerable market place resistance, quickly acquiring a reputation for being a large, slow, and resource-consuming system. Responding to Vista’s disappointing adoption rate, Microsoft developed Windows 7, an OS whose interface was similar to that of Vista but was met with enthusiasm for its noticeable speed improvement and its modest system requirements. 

Uses of windows—

1. It’s the same OS you use at work. 

2. Windows has the most hardware and software support. 

3. Internet Explorer

(b) Files and folders

Three buttons are available on top most bar.

While MS-DOS and Windows are both Microsoft operating systems, MS-DOS uses a command line interface, while Windows uses a graphical user interface. This basically reflects the evolution of computer interfaces from text only to the manipulation of both text and icons.

The plus sign indicates that the folder has subfolders in it.

GUI stands for—Graphical User Interface.

(b) Time sharing

In Windows Explorer, you can not only explore the files or folders stored in the computer but also copy, move, and rename files.

In computer science, a graphical user interface (GUI), is a type of user interface that allows users to interact with electronic devices through graphical icons and visual indicators such as secondary notation instead of text-based user interfaces, typed command labels or text navigation.

An operating system acts as an interface between user and the hardware

(a) Shut-Down

(d) (b) and (c) both

To resize a window— 

1. To change the height, point to the top or bottom window border.

2. To change the width, point to the left or right window border. 

3. To change the height and width at the same time, point to any window corner.

To create a desktop icon or shortcut, do the following: 

1. Browse to the file on your hard disk for which you want to create a shortcut. The default installation location for many Adobe applications is C:\Program Files \ Adobe. 

2. Right-click the file for which you want to create a shortcut. 

3. Select Create Shortcut from the menu.

When we delete a file, it goes to the recycle bin. Recycle bin is a part of the hard disk, where all deleted files are stored. A deleted file can be retrieved from the recycle bin.

(a)  Shortcut