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3. push factor

False.

Jobs in a new country is a pull factor.

Punjab and Kerala.

Push Factors (explain)

1. Poverty

2. Lack of health

3. Lack of education facilities

4. Natural calamities- flood or drought etc.

5. War

Pull Factor (Explain) 

1. Marriage

2. Job opportunities

3. High wages

4. Education facilities

5. Heath facilities

6. Entertainment

Push factor 

1. People migrate from rural to urban area due to unemployment in the village. 

2. Cause due to over population and pressure on agricultural land. 

3. Hamper and rural development. 

Pull factor 

1. People migrate from rural to urban area in search of better education, medical facilities and employment. 

2. Cause due to weak infrastructure in the rural area. 

3. Helps in urban development.

This migration is because of a push factor.

The reason people are forced to leave a place is called the push factor. Some of the push factors are : 

1. Lack of Job Opportunities : People living in villages often move to cities and towns in search of better job opportunities. In India, lots of people from Bihar, Jharkhand and West Bengal move to Punjab, Haryana and Delhi in search of better job opportunities. 

2. Lack of Available Land : Sometimes farmers cannot make a living in their own country because there is a shortage of land, or the quality of land is too poor. In such cases, such people move to places where land is available. 

3. Religious Tolerance : Sometimes when people of a particular religion are persecuted or when sects are not tolerated, then in order to escape repression people move to place where they are allowed to practice their religion without any danger of being repressed. 

4. Political Freedom : People sometimes move because they are not happy with the form of government in their own country. Wars also force people to migrate. People may leave a country to avoid subjection to a new regime, to avoid a war or because they have lost their homes and farms in the war.

Push factors of migration : 

1. These factors force the people to leave a place. 

2. Lack of job, war, natural disaster or political instability are some of the push factors. 

3. Examples – Thousands of people from Syria are migrating to safer countries due to war, The 2015 earthquake in Nepal caused many people to migrate to India.

 Pull factors of migration : 

1. These factors attract people to new places. 

2. Job opportunities, better education and health services are some of the pull factors. 

3. Examples – Many students leave India to study abroad, many people migrate to Canada and Australia for better jobs.

1. place of birth, place of residence 

2. greater 

3. 37 % 

4. Saratoga 

5. heterogenous

In free migration, people have the choice to either stay or move. When people living in a place are forced to leave the place due to reasons like poor living conditions, persecution, lack of political freedom, wars, lack of means to earn a livelihood, famine, etc., it is called forced migration.

1. The movement of people from one place or country to another is known as migration.

2. Temporary migration could be annual, seasonal or daily.

3. Brain drain is also known as human capital flight.

4. Both the push factors and the pull factors are responsible for brain drain.

5. The migrant’s country prospers as money (foreign exchange) enters the country.

1. an emigrant

Primitive migration is one in which people respond to an unfavourable environment by leaving it for more favourable one.

1. People moving from one place to another within a country is called internal migration.

2. Many people from Mexico migrate illegally to the neighbouring US in search of jobs.

3. People from Delhi moving to Gurugram is an example of urban to urban migration.

4. Emigrants are people who leave their country and move to another country.

5. Immigrants are people who arrive in another country after leaving their own country.

6. Push factors are reasons that force people to leave a place.

7. Pull factors are reasons that attract people to a new place.

Syrian refugees escaping their war-torn country in the hope of safer environment in another country.

Pull factors for migration (reasons why people are attracted to a new place) include –

1. Job opportunities in the new country (many migrate to Canada and Australia from India for this reason)

2. Education (many students leave India to study abroad)

3. Availability of better medical facilities.

In rural-urban migration, people move from rural area to cities mainly in search of better job opportunities, better education and urban lifestyle. 

A few other reasons for this migration are:

1. Villages cannot support a rapid increase in population.

2. Reduced food supply

3. Shortage of land.

4. Machines replacing human labour in farming in villages. This type of migration is common in developing countries like Brazil, South Africa and India.

There are different types of migration : 

1. Internal migration — People move from one place to another within the country. 

2. External migration — People move to a new country or continent. 

3. Temporary migration — It includes migration which is annual, seasonal or daily. For example, people may move to lower regions from mountains during harsh winter months. 

4. Emigration — When a person leaves his or her own country and moves to another. The person who emigrates is known as an emigrant from his or her own country. For example, when a person leaves India and goes to Canada to settle there, that person is said to have emigrated from India to Canada. 

5. Immigration — When a person arrives in a new country after leaving his or her own country. For example, when a person arrives in Canada from India that person is said to have immigrated to Canada and is known as an immigrant in Canada.

Chennai has recorded the maximum number of out migrants. 

Brain drain is a term that refers to a situation when highly qualified and trained people leave their country to work and settle permanently in another country that offers them better job opportunities and lifestyle. It is also known as human capital flight.

Causes of Brain Drain : 

1. Push factors — They include economic factors such as the inability to find suitably paying jobs in a person’s own country, poverty or no prospect of improving one’s standard of living, political instability that causes uncertainity, political favouritism, and religious and social discrimination. 

2. Pull factors — They include higher income and more comfortable lifestyles in the new country, better economic prospects, better educational opportunities including training and research, greater chances of promotion without partiality or discrimination, a liberal and stable government, better working conditions and medical facilities.

Positive effects of brain drain include : 

1. Better employment opportunities for educated and skilled workers that may not be available in their own country. 

2. The migrant’s country will prosper as more money (foreign exchange) will enter the country. 

3. Migrants returning home will invest in their own business and thereby boost development and employment in the country. 

4. There will be greater technology transfer, greater investments and capital brought back by the diaspora returning home.

Diaspora means the groups of people who have moved from their own countries and settled abroad, spreading their culture.

Migration can be internal or external.

True

(a) 121 crore

During 2015, 7% illiterates were migrants from Tamil Nadu.

Social and civic pressures develop as migrants entering the new country put pressure on the existing resources. 

True.

Some of the negative effects of brain drain are : 

1. A net decrease in the country of people with professional and technological qualifications. 

2. The reduction of qualified and technical people in the country will impact the development and growth of the nation. 

3. Remittances may taper off after some time as prices may increase. 

4. Reduced quality of essential services of health and education in the migrant’s home country. 

5. Government and private scholarships to study abroad will cause drainage of talent and skills in the country. 

6. With migrants returning home with plenty of money, vast disparity can develop between the incomes of the locals and the migrants.

(a) Survival strategy

2. increased foreign exchange

1. Loss of skilled labour—Young people who have the skill, knowledge and professional expertise leave their country to offer their services to another country. 

2. When young people leave a country, the demand for goods and services fall and affects the economic growth and development of the country. 

3. Socio-economic impact on family life — When young people leave their small children and elderly parents behind, it affects them psychologically and they feel neglected in the absence of love and care.

People migrate due to the push factors or pull factors : 

1. Push factors 

These are the reasons which force people to leave a place. Some of them are : 

• A lack of job in their own country. 

• War like situations 

Example – Thousands of Syrians are escaping the violent war in Syria and migrating to safer countries. 

• Food and essentials become scarce and expensive due to famine or political instability. 

For example – The economic crisis in Greece in 2015 led to severe shortages of food and medicine, forcing people to migrate. The severe food grain shortage in Nigeria in 2016 forced many Nigerians to migrate to neighbouring countries. 

• Natural disasters: 

For example : The 2015 earthquake in Nepal caused many people to migrate to India. 

2. Pull factors 

These are the reasons which attract people to a new place. These include : 

• Job opportunities in the new country. For example, many Indians migrate to Canada and Australia for jobs. 

• Education – Many students leave India to study abroad. 

• Availability of better medical facilities.

The poorer sections of the people migrate for survival, but migrants from better-off sections migrate to improve their living standards.

1. (e) 

2. (d) 

3. (c) 

4. (f) 

5. (b) 

6. (a)

Some of the advantages of migration for the home country are :

1. When many people leave the country to work abroad, the scope for employment for those left behind increases.

2. When migrants return home, they bring back knowledge, skills and new ideas. With these they start their own businesses, thereby providing job opportunities to the local people. For example, In Kerala, migrants returning home from countries such as UAE and Saudi Arabia have opened up their own schools, restaurants and shopping malls, etc. 

3. Migrants working abroad send money home to support their families. This money is called remittance, which indirectly helps the government of the home country too.

The reasons for migration include;

Work/Employment, Business, Education, Marriage and other such reasons.

Cuddalore, Karur, Thiruvannamalai, Vellore, Namakkal, Salem, Dindigul, Krishnagiri, Nilgiris and Dharmapuri districts record low number of emigrants.

Migration has some serious disadvantages for the migrants as well as their destination countries. 

1. Job loss — Many migrants entering a new country rob the job opportunities of the locals because they (the migrants) are willing to work for a lower pay. Many people in the US harbour a sense of resentment towards migrants from South¬east Asia, South Asia, Central and Latin America because they believe the migrants have taken over their jobs. 

2. Social and civic pressures develop as migrants entering the new country put pressure on the existing infrastructure and health and educational facilities meant for the local people.. The prices of such amenities shoot up, causing hardship to all. 

3. Immigration can fuel racism and discrimination. Immigrants are often considered different different because they speak a different language, dress differently, worship in another way or have different sets of customs. This sense of difference leads to discrimination and the local people oppose to accepting the migrants as a part of the general community. 

4. Local traditions and cultures are greatly affected because of the introduction of new or alien cultures, traditions and forms of worship. Many people from West Asia and South Asia feel discriminated against in the West because of their dressing habits and religious practices.

Marriage and the movement associated with marriage appear to be a major factor responsible for women’s mobility in India and Tamil Nadu.