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Tirumala in Andhra Pradesh.

In Odisha Talcher coal mine is located.

The minerals is a from which metal can be extracted are called ores.

Naturaly occuring compound with a fixed chemical composition. It is called mineral.

Fossil fuels are the fuels formed by natural process such as decomposition of hurried dead organisms.

Generation of Power through the falling force of water is called Hydro-electricity.

Digboi in Assam, 1867.

Generation of power by using cow dung is called bio gas for ex : Methane, carbon dioxide.

Renewable energies such as solar energy wind energy etc. They are inexhaustible and pollution free.

Indian Renewable Energy Development Agency.

MuppandalinTamilnadu.

The Shri Sai Baba Sansthan (in Maharastra).

The group of minerals which can’t be used again and again and also exhaustible in nature.

For ex: coal,-petroleum, natural gas etc.

The group of minerals which contains iron can be called as ferrous minerals for ex : Iron ore, Manganese.

• Hutti gold field in Raichur districts and Bellary gold field in Tumkur in Karnataka. 
• Ramagiri in Ananthpur district and Jonnagiri in Kumool in Andhra Pradesh.

‘Hydro-electricity’.

The group of minerals which contain metal can be called as metallic minerals for 

ex : Iron ore. Manganese, Copper Bauxite etc.

Kolar Gold Field [KGF] during the year 1871.

The types of coal are: 

• Anthracite 
• lignite 
• Bituminous 
• Peat.

The Gondwana coal field are located in Jharkhand, Odhisha, West Bengal, Chhattisgarh, Maharastra and Andhra Pradesh.

The minerals which produces power can be called as fuel minerals for 

ex : coal, petroleum, natural gas etc. 

The minerals that doesn’t producers power can be called as non fuel minerals for 

ex : mica, limestone, graphite etc.

• Minerals are exhaustible resources. 
• They occur in nature in limited quantities. 
• They cannot be replaced and 
• They have taken millions of years to be formed.

1. Commercial power resources – coal, petrol, natural gas etc. 

2. non-commercial power resources – fire wood, charcoal, cow dung etc.’

• Jammu and Kashmir 
• Himachal Pradesh 
• Uttaranchal 
• Jharkhand and Chattisgarh

• Coal based thermal power projects. 
• Oil based thermal power projects. 
• Gas based thermal power projects.

• The regular and uniform supply of water is essential. 
• The water should fall from a sufficient height. 
• It requires huge capital investment to purchase machines. 
• A ready available market should be there.

• Bauxite is the main source of aluminium. 
• It is light weight, strong and rust resistant. 
• It is used in air crafts, automobiles. 
• It is mainly used in electrical industry.

The term “Petroleum” has been derived from two latin words, Petra means ‘rock’ and ‘oleum’ means ‘Oil’ through the word petroleum literally means rock oil.

Nuclear Energy :

• The energy generated from the fission of the atomic minerals such as Uranium, Thorium, Plutonium is called ‘Nuclear Energy’. It has played an important role in the power development of India. 
• The demand for energy has been increased with the increase of population in the country. 
• The country has power crises as the production is insufficient to meet the requirement. 
• To meet energy needs of the country nuclear power programme was formulated. 
• The first nuclear power plant was started in 1969 at Tarapur near Mumbai with U.S.A assistance. Now there are 7 nuclear power stations in India.

Thermal Energy : 

• The Energy generated by using fossil fuels like Coal, Petroleum and Natural gas is called thermal energy. It can be produced even from Nuclear fission and wood. 
• It has certain advantages as against hydro-electricity. The initial capital involved in the construction of thermal plant is low and time requirement is short. 
• The disavantages of thermal electricity are low efficiency in terms of heating value and higher operation cost.

Conventional source of energy: 

1. These are exhaustible resources. 

2. They pollute the environment. 

Examples: coal and petroleum. 

Non-conventional source of energy: 

1. These are in exhaustible resources. 

2. They do not pollute the environment. 

Example: solar energy and wind energy.

Use of minerals in a scientific manner to avoid their wastage is called conservation of minerals. 

Conservation of minerals is necessary: 

(i) For the regular advancement of civilization 

(ii) Minerals are exhaustible resources. They are needed for our future generation. 

Methods to conserve minerals

(i) Use alternatives in place of minerals like plastic doors in place of iron ans steel. 

(ii) Recycling.

Uses : 

• Coal is source of energy and raw material for many Chemical Industries. ‘ 
• It provides many by-products i.e., tar, napthaline, ammonia gas, coal gas, benezol etc.
• These are used in the manufacture of synthetic fibres, rubber, plastic, explosives, dyes and insecticides.

Types : On the basis of its Carbon content, colour and heating intensity etc. 

They are as follows:

1. Anthracite 

2. Bituminous 

3. Lignite 

4. Peat.

1. Anthracite : This is the best variety of coal. It contains 80-90 percent of Carbon.

• It is very hard, compact and black in colour. 
• It produce more heat than any other form of coal. 
• It ignites slowly and bums with a nice short blue flame without producing smoke. 
• It is found in Jammu and Kashmir and it is mainly used for Central heating, steam in ship and boilers.

2. Bituminous: 

• It contains 50-80 percent of Carbon and found in abundance. 
• It is relatively hard and black in colour. 
• Mainly it is used in steel industry and thermal power generation.

3. Lignite: 

• It is low grade Variety of coal. 
• It contains only 40-55 percent of Carbon. 
• Its colour is dark to black brown. 
• It will give more ash and moisture generation of thermal power, fertilizers and gas.

4. Peat:

• It contains less than 40 percent of Carbon. Therefore it is inferior in quality. 
• It gives less heat, but releases more smoke, and a lot of ash after burning. 
• So it is mainly used in the thermal power plants and fertilizer industries.

Importance : 

• Coal constitutes about 70 percent of the total commercial power consumed in India.
• Coal is a source of energy and raw material for many chemical industries. 
• It provides many by products i.e., tar napthaline, ammonia gas, coal gas, benezol etc. 
• These are used in the manufacture of synthetic fibres, rubber, plastic, explosives, dyes and insecticides.

Distribution :

• Currently the leading producer of coal in India are Jharkhand, Chhattisgarh, Odisha and 
• Madhya Pradesh. 
• These four states contributes 84.33 percent of the India’s coal production.

1. Chhattisgarh : It is having first place in the production of coal in India.

• It produces 31.3 percent coal of India. 
• Major coal fields of the state are located in the Northern part of the state i.e, Surgija, Bilasapur and Korba.

2. Jharkhand : Jharkhand is the second largest producer of coal in India.

• It produces more than 20.3 percent of coal in 2011-2012. 
• Jharia, Bokaro, Giridhi, Karnapur, Ramagarh are very important. 
• Jharia is one of the oldest and richest coal fields of India. It has been recognised as the “Store house of the best metallurgical coal” in the country.

3. Odisha : It is the third largest producer of the coal and contributing 19.5 percent of the total coal production of the country .

• Most of its coal deposits in Dhenkanal, Sambalapur and Sundaragh districts.

4. Madhya Pradesh : Jharkhand is the second largest producer of coal in India.

• The main coal depoists are located in Sindhi, Shahdol, Betul, Narasingour and Chhindwara districts.

5. Andhra Pradesh :

• It produces about 9.7 percent of coal. 
• It is found in Adilabad, Karimnagar, Warangal districts.

6. Maharashtra : The coal deposits of the state occur in Wardha valley, Ballarpur, Warora in Chandrapur district.

7. West Bengal :

• It has 4.48 percent of the total production of the country. 
• Burdwan, Bankura, Purulia, Daijeeling and Jalpaiguri are the chief coal producing districts. ’ 

Production : The total reserves of all grade coal in India is 283.50 billion tonnes. 

• India is producing 560.90 million tonnes of coal in 2012-13. 
• So India ranks third among the coal producing countries of the world next to China and 
• It contributes 10.2 percent of the total world’s production of coal.

Metallic minerals: 

1. Those mineral from which we get minerals. 

2. Can be drawn into wires and sheets after melting. 

3. Examples: Iron ore , copper and tin etc 

Non-metallic minerals: 

1. Those minerals from which we do not get metals. 

2. Can not drawn into wires and sheets. 

Example: coal and marble

Petroleum is an essential source of energy for all internal combustion engines in automobiles, railways and aircraft. Its numerous by products are processed in petro chemical industries such as fertilizers, synthetic rubber, synthetic fiber, medicines, Vaseline’s, lubricants wax, soap and cosmetics.

Crude petroleum occurs in sedimentary rocks of the tertiary period. Oil exploration, and production was systematically taken up after the oil and natural gas commission was set up in 1956. Till then the digboi in Assam was the only oil producing region.

Distribution: 

Assam – Digboi, Naharkatiya, Moran 

Gujarat – Ankaleshwar, kalol, Mehsana, Nawagam 

Maharastra- Mumbai high