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(b) Rat hole mining

Minerals which do not contain metals or do not have metallic properties are called non-metallic minerals. For example, mica, limestone, salt, potash, sulphur, granite, marble, sandstone, etc.

Uses of Mica: Mica is considered to be the most important mineral in electric and electronic industries. Due to its excellent di-electric strength, low power loss factor, insulating properties and resistance to high voltage, it is one of the most essential minerals used in electric and electronic industries.

Distribution of Mica in India: Koderma Gaya–Hazaribagh belt of Jharkhand is the leading producer of Mica. Mica deposits are found in the northern edge of the Chhota Nagpur plateau. In Rajasthan, the major mica producing area is around Ajmer. Nellore mica belt of Andhra Pradesh is also an important producer in the country.

In Orissa high grade hematite ore is found in badampahar mines in the Mayurbhanj and Kendujhar districts.

The northern edge of the Chhota Nagpur plateau.

Panchapatmali deposits in Koraput district the most important bauxite deposits in Orissa.

Bauxite deposits are formed due to decomposition of wide variety of rocks rich in aluminium silicates. Ores containing aluminium are obtained from bauxite which is a clay-like substance from which alumina and later aluminium is obtained.

The Amarkantak plateau, Maikal hills and the plateau region of Bilaspur-Katur.

Bauxite deposits are formed by decomposition of a wide variety of rocks rich in aluminium silicates. 

India’s bauxite deposits are found in the Amarkantak plateau, Maikal hills and the plateau region of Bilaspur – Katre.

Two qualities of iron ore: 

1. Iron ore is the basic mineral and the backbone of industrial development. 

2. It provides a strong base for the development of metallurgical industries. They are of two types: Magnetite and Hematite. 

1. Magnetite: It is the finest iron ore. It has a very high content of iron up to 70 per cent. It has excellent magnetic qualities, especially valuable in the electrical industry. 

2. Hematite: This ore is the most important industrial iron ore. It is the largest used iron ore in terms of the quantity in India. It has slightly lower iron content than magnetite. (50-60 per cent). 

The major iron-ore producing states are Karnataka, Orissa, Chhattisgarh, Goa and Jharkhand.

Bauxite deposits are formed by the decomposition of a wide variety of rocks rich in aluminium silicates.

(d) Iron ore.

The mineral ore from which aluminium is mainly obtained bauxite

Odisha is the largest producer of manganese ores in India. It accounted for onethird of the country’s total production in 2000-01.

1. Uses of Manganese: 

(i) Manganese is mainly used in the manufacturing of steel and ferro manganese alloy. Nearly 10 kg of manganese is required to manufacture one tonne of steel. 

(ii) It is also used in manufacturing bleaching powder, insecticides and paints.

2. Odisha is the largest producer of manganese ores in India approximately one third of the country’s total production.

(i) Iron ore is considered the backbone of India’s industrial development. 

(ii) They provide a strong base for the development of metallurgical industries in India.

(i) The mineral content of the ore must be in sufficient concentration to make its extraction commercially viable. 

(ii) The type of formation or structure in which minerals are found determines the relative ease with which mineral ores may be mined. This also determines the cost of extraction.

Copper is not a ferrous mineral

(a) Magnetite ore

(c)  Odisha.

(b) Diamond.

Limestone is the basic raw material for the cement industry and essential for smelting iron ore in the blast furnace. 

We need to conserve mineral resources because they are finite and nonrenewable. Rich mineral deposits are our country’s most valuable but short-lived possessions. Continued extraction of ores leads to increasing costs as mineral extraction comes from greater depths along with decrease in quality.

Conservation of minerals is essential ways to conserve them are given below: 

(i) All natural resources including minerals should be used judiciously so that future generations may also avail their benefits. 

(ii) Recycling of metals should be done. 

(iii) Scrap metals and other substitutes should be used. 

(iv) Minerals resources should be used in a planned and sustainable manner. 

(v) Wastage of minerals should be stopped.

(i) Chhotanagpur plateau is called a store house of minerals as it has very high grade haematite iron ore. 

(ii) The ranges of hills in Chhotanagpur have 14 deposits of super high grade haematite iron ore. 

(iii) Most of the mica deposits are found on the northern edge of Chhotanagpur plateau. 

(iv) Koderma–Hazaribagh belt of Jharkhand is the leading producer of Mica.

Common salt, magnesium and bromine are some minerals largely derived from ocean waters.

A very high context of iron, upto 70 percent, is present in magnetite. 

(i) Mayurbhanj 

(ii) Durg 

(iii) Bellary 

(iv) Bailadila 

(v) Ajmer 

(vi) Beawar 

(vii) Gaya.

Copper is malleable, ductile and a good conductor of electricity. Therefore, it is mainly used in electrical cables, electronics and chemical industries.

There are some minerals which occur as alluvial deposits in sands of valley floors and the base of hills. These deposits are called placer deposits.

The term ‘Ore’ is used to describe an accumulation of any mineral mixed with other elements.