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Metallic Minerals :

1. These minerals contain metals, which are hard substances.

2. These minerals found in igneous rocks.

3. Examples: Iron ore, bauxtie, manganese and copper, etc. 

Non-metallic Minerals:

1. These minerals does not contain extractable metals.

2. These minerals found in sedimentary rocks.

3. Examples: Coal, potash, limestone, gypsum, mica, etc.

Oil refineries are set up near the coast for two reasons namely 

a. Imported crude oil can be refined. 

b. Transport becomes easier between ports.

a. Naharkatiya oil fields - Nunamati and Digboi refineries 

b. Ankleshwar oil fields - Mumbai and Koyali refineries 

Oil refineries produce petroleum products like kerosene, diesel, petrol, etc through a process called fractional distillation. At present there are 18 oil refineries in India, chief among them are 

a. Mathura in Uttar Pradesh 

b. Koyali near Baroda in Gujarat 

c. Kochi in Kerala 

d. Haldia near Kolkata in West Bengal 

e. Bongaigaon and Nunamati near Guwahati in Assam 

f. Mumbai in Maharashtra – 2 refineries 

a. North East India – Digboi and Naharkatiya; 16% 

b. Western India – Cambay and Ankleshwar; 18% 

c. Off Shore – Bombay High; 63%

Anthracite is the purest form of coal with 90 to 95 % carbon. Since it is smokeless, it is ideal for domestic fuel. In addition, it is used in the iron and steel industry and railways. In India, it is found only in Jammu and Kashmir. 

Coal is formed when dead remains of plants are decayed by bacteria under fresh water conditions and subsequently buried and subjected to pressure. 

a. ONGC – ONGC stands for Oil and Natural Gas Corporation (earlier Commission) Ltd. It was set up in 1956. It is the apex body which undertakes prospecting and refining crude oil in India. 

b. GAIL – GAIL stands for Gas Authority of India Ltd. It was set up in 1984 and is the largest organisation in India handling post exploration activities relating to transmission, processing and marketing of natural gas and its by-products. It owns and operates about 5000 km of gas pipeline. 

c. LPG – LPG or Liquefied Petroleum Gas is a clean fuel which does cause pollution. It has a high calorific value (50 kJ). In addition, it does not produce any poisonous gases while burning and is easy to store and transport. 

d. CNG – CNG or Compressed Natural Gas is used for running vehicles and produces negligible amounts of nitrogen and sulphur when burnt. CNG can be easily transported. It is fast replacing petrol and diesel as a fuel for vehicles. 

a. Madhya Pradesh – Amarkantak Plateau and Balaghat districts 

b. Jharkhand – Ranchi and Palamau 

c. Gujarat – Jamnagar and Surat 

d. Tamil Nadu – Salem and Coimbatore 

e. Orissa – Kalahandi and Sambalpur 

The following properties of aluminium make it an important metal. 

a. It is a good conductor of electricity and heat. 

b. It is non-corrosive. 

c. It is light weight. 

d. It is strong and durable. 

e. It has a high melting point. 

f. It is highly malleable and ductile 

g. It has a good aesthetic appeal. 

India is at present the third largest producer of coal with 7% of the world’s reserves. 

India is not able to meet its requirements of petroleum and has to import 70% of its requirement. 

India stands seventh in the world production of manganese. It is self sufficient and also exports some quantities of manganese.  

Bauxite, or hydrated aluminium oxide, is the principal ore of aluminium. India is the second largest exporter of bauxite in the world. 

Petroleum is formed when dead remains of animals are decayed in shallow marine conditions. Since it migrates through porous rocks after formation, it is extremely difficult to prospect for petroleum. 

Lignite is used in the production of thermal electricity. It is found in the following states. 

1. Tamil Nadu – Neyveli and Veeranam 

2. Gujarat - Umarsar and Panandhro 

3. Rajasthan - Palna 

Manganese is alloyed along with iron to produce steel because it makes the steel tough and does not rust easily. It can also be used for making paints and glass.  

Iron is alloyed with manganese to produce steel. Steel is in turn used for making machines, buildings, vehicles, farming and mining equipment, etc, which results in industrial development.  

Pyrolusite and Psilomelane

Haematite and Magnetite 

Modern machines are made up of steel which is in turn processed from iron ore. The energy required in running industries and transport comes from coal or petroleum. Minerals are therefore, the basis of industrialisation. Industrialisation results in the economic development of the country. In other words, minerals play a key role in the economic development of a country by effecting industrialisation. 

An ore is a substance from which metals can be extracted in a profitable manner.  

Minerals obtained from the earth’s crust are exhaustible. Therefore mankind cannot afford the relentless extraction of minerals. Therefore there is a need to use them in the most economic manner. 

This can be achieved by: 

a. Efficiency in mining technology 

b. Government control over a country’s mineral resources 

c. Re use and recycling of minerals

a. Orissa – Keonjhar and Mayurbhanj 

b. Maharashtra – Nagpur and Bhandara 

c. Karnataka – Shimoga and Bellary

Madhya Pradesh is the largest producer of manganese in India. There are extensive deposits of manganese in the Chhhindwara and Balaghat districts of Madhya Pradesh. 

Gondwana coal is found in West Bengal, Jhakhand and Orissa. Tertiary coal is found in Tamil Nadu, Gujarat and Assam. 

Jharia Coal Field

a. Gondwana Coal: Coal formed about 350 million years ago in the Carboniferous age is called Gondwana Coal. The Gondwana coal is a laminated bituminous coal within which dull and bright layers alternate. Gondwana coal is almost free from moisture, but it contains variable quantities of sulphur and phosphorus. In general, Gondwana coal is good steam or gas coal. 

b. Tertiary Coal : Coal formed about 50 million years ago in the Tertiary period is called Tertiary coal. This coal consists mostly of lignite and peat. 

Bituminous coal is used for producing coke, coal gas and steam coal. Coke is used for the smelting of iron ore. In India, bituminous is found in the following states. 

1. Bihar – Ramgarh and Karanpura 

2. Jharkhand – Jharia and Bokaro 

3. West Bengal – Raniganj and Durgapur 

4. Orissa – Sonhat and Talcher

Iron ore is exported from the Vishakhapatnam and Paradeep ports. Japan is the largest buyer of Indian iron ore.