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The correct choice is (c) Cristae junctions

To EXPLAIN I WOULD say: The inner boundary membrane and INTERNAL cristal membranes in the mitochondria are joined to one another by narrow tubular connections known as cristae junctions. The cristae are internal protrusions that hold the respiratory mechanism IMPORTANT for CELLULAR respiration.

The correct CHOICE is (a) 2 ATP

The EXPLANATION is: The process of cellular respiration involves the following steps- Glycolysis, Kreb’s cycle and electron oxidation, which are involved in ENERGY production by utilizing carbohydrate. Energy is produced in the FORM of Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) molecules with 2 ATP molecules produced per GLUCOSE molecule in Glycolysis.

The correct CHOICE is (a) 2 rRNAs

To elaborate: The mitochondria POSSESS their own GENETIC material and the machinery to MANUFACTURE their own RNAs and proteins. In humans, the mitochondrial DNA encodes for 2 ribosomal RNAs (rRNAs).

The correct choice is (b) Inner membrane

Easy explanation: The outer membrane of MITOCHONDRIA is composed of approximately 50% lipid by weight and CONTAINS a mixture of different enzymes. The inner membrane contains more than 100 different polypeptides and has a very HIGH protein to lipid ratio. The protein CONTENT EXCEEDS 70% by weight.

Right answer is (a) Cellular RESPIRATION

To explain: Mitochondria is a bean shaped organ in the cell cytoplasm. Its major role is cellular respiration. It utilizes OXYGEN and carbohydrate to release carbon dioxide and energy in the form of ATP. Cellular respiratory PROCESSES such as Kreb’s cycle and oxidative PHOSPHORYLATION takes place in mitochondria.

The correct option is (B) 6 NADH

The best I can explain: The primary PRODUCTS of the TCA cycle pathway are the REDUCED coenzymes, NADH and FADH2, which contain high energy ELECTRONS REMOVED from various substrates as they are oxidized. A total of 6 NADH are formed during one Krebs’ cycle process.

Correct answer is (C) Uric acid oxidase

The best I can EXPLAIN: The peroxisomes in human cells lack Uric acid catalase which is present in plant cells. Due to this LACKING, the humans are EXPOSED to a DISEASE called gout.

The correct answer is (a) Christian de Duve

To explain: Peroxisomes are small CELL organelles found in the cytoplasm of most EUKARYOTIC organisms. They we first described by J Rhodin in the year 1954. But peroxisomes were discovered to be a cell ORGANELLE by Christian de Duve in the year 1967.

Correct answer is (B) Peroxidase

Explanation: Peroxidase is one of the ENZYMES produced by peroxisomes. They breakdown alcohol by transferring a hydrogen ATOMS to OXYGEN forming hydrogen peroxide which is later converted to water.

The correct answer is (a) Liver cells

The explanation: The liver cells have a HIGH AMOUNT of peroxisomes so that they can DETOXIFY the chemicals in our body. The peroxisomes ALSO aid in the production of bile acids from CHOLESTEROL.

The correct choice is (c) 2 ATPs

The EXPLANATION is: ELECTRON is donated by the REDUCED cofactor FADH2 to oxygen by electron transport chain. During the transfer, it releases SUFFICIENT ENERGY to drive the formation of approximately 2 ATP molecules.

Correct answer is (a) BACILLUS subtilis

Explanation: Peroxisomes are only present in eukaryotic cells. Prokaryotic cells are devoid of peroxisomes THUS Bacillus subtilis is a BACTERIA and it LACKS peroxisomes.

Right choice is (d) All of them are involved

To EXPLAIN I would say: Electron CARRIERS can be isolated as part of four distinct, asymmetric, membrane-spanning complexes known as complexes I, II, II and IV. Two of the electron transport CHAIN complexes, Ubiquinone and Cytochrome C are not part of any complexes. Ubiquinone is present as a pool of molecules dissolved in lipid bilayer and Cyt C is SOLUBLE PROTEIN in intermembrane space.

Correct OPTION is (d) Outer membrane

The best explanation: The outer membrane of mitochondria is composed of approximately 50% lipid by weight and contains a MIXTURE of different enzymes. It is involved in diverse activities such as enzyme DEGRADATION. The oxidation of epinephrine, degradation of tryptophan and elongation of FATTY acid takes place in outer mitochondrial membrane.

Correct option is (C) Zellweger Syndrome

For explanation I would say: Zellweger is an autosomal recessive SYSTEMIC disorder caused by the impairment of PEROXISOMES biogenesis. They affect the brain, nerve, face and LIVER.

The correct choice is (c) Breakdown of HYDROGEN Peroxide

The explanation is: The PEROXISOMES have an ENZYME CALLED catalase. This enzyme is used to breakdown Hydrogen Peroxide into water.

The correct choice is (a) 36 ATPs

To explain I would say: For oxidation of ONE GLUCOSE molecules, 2 ATP molecules are produced by glycolysis. 24 ATP molecules are produced by Kreb’s cycle and 10 ATP molecules is produced by electron oxidative chain. This adds up to 36 molecules ATP released by oxidation of one MOLECULE of glucose.

The correct choice is (a) 2 GTPs

To explain I would say: The primary products of the TCA cycle PATHWAY are the reduced coenzymes, NADH and FADH2, which contain HIGH energy electrons removed from various substrates as they are oxidized. The Krebs’ cycle PRODUCES two GTP molecules during ONE cycle. 2 GTP molecules equivalents to 2 ATP molecules.

Correct choice is (a) 15 phospholipids

For explanation: The inner membrane contains more than 100 different polypeptides and has a very HIGH PROTEIN to lipid ratio. The protein content EXCEEDS 70% by weight. This corresponds to about one protein molecule for every 15 phospholipids.

The correct choice is (a) Cristae

The EXPLANATION is: The structure of mitochondria under the microscope is bean SHAPED with inner and OUTER mitochondrial membranes surrounding it. The inner membrane invaginates INSIDE to produce finger-like protrusions KNOWN as the Cristae.

The correct CHOICE is (a) CITRATE

The best EXPLANATION: Kreb’s cycle has Citrate as its first stable compound. That is why it is also CALLED Citric Acid Cycle. Citrate is a compound containing three carboxylic acid groups and it is THUS also called Tricarboxylic Acid cycle or TCA cycle.

Right choice is (a) 1 subunit

The explanation is: Mitochondrial RNA polymerase helps in the synthesis of proteins from mitochondrial RNA. The mitochondrial RNA polymerase is unlike the multi-subunit RNA polymerase enzyme of prokaryotic and EUKARYOTIC cell and CONTAINS only a single subunit SIMILAR to CERTAIN bacterial VIRUSES.

Correct CHOICE is (b) 13

The best I can explain: The mitochondria possess their own genetic material and the machinery to manufacture their own RNAs and proteins. The mitochondrial DNA encodes a small number of POLYPEPTIDES which are 13 in humans. These are tightly integrated in the inner mitochondrial membrane along with polypeptides encoded by nuclear genes.

Correct answer is (b) Peroxisomes

For EXPLANATION: Peroxisomes are found to be a VITAL CELL organelle for the PRODUCTION of white matter of the cell. The PROCESS is known as myelination.

Right answer is (a) Pyruvate

Easy explanation: Each pyruvate molecule PRODUCED in cytosol during Glycolysis is transported across the INNER mitochondrial MEMBRANE into the mitochondrial matrix. Pyruvate is then decarboxylated to PRODUCE Acetyl group (CH3COO^–) The Acetyl group is transferred to Coenzyme A to produce acetyl CoA.

The CORRECT ANSWER is (c) Activation of proteins involved in electron oxidation

Best explanation: The inner membrane of MITOCHONDRIA is virtually DEVOID of cholesterol and rich in unusual phospholipid and cardiolipins, which is the characteristics of bacterial membrane, from which the inner MITOCHONDRIAL membrane has presumable evolved. Cardiolipin plays a role in facilitating the activity of several large protein complexes involved in lector transport and ATP synthesis.

The correct CHOICE is (B) 0.1 – 1.0 µm

Explanation: PEROXISOMES are usually 0.1 – 1.0 µm in DIAMETER. They do not have a definite size, but they vary in the range with RESPECT to specific organisms.

Correct choice is (a) 2 FADH2

To explain: The primary PRODUCTS of the TCA cycle pathway are the REDUCED coenzymes, NADH and FADH2, which contain HIGH energy electrons removed from various SUBSTRATES as they are oxidized. A total of 2 FADH2 are formed during one Krebs’ cycle process.

Right option is (c) 22 tRNA

The best I can explain: The mitochondria possess their own genetic MATERIAL and the machinery to manufacture their own RNAs and proteins. In humans, the mitochondrial DNA encodes for 2 ribosomal RNAs (rRNAs) and also 22 TRANSFER RNAs (tRNAs) that are USED in protein synthesis within the organelle.