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1. The Black Americans suffered a lot as the government permitted segregation in schools and buses.

2. There was discrimination against them in appointments, housing, and even in voting rights. 

3. They took up the Civil Rights Movement. 

4. It Is of non-violent nature. 

5. They gave massive demonstrations, marches, civil disobedience and boycott of discriminatory services. 

6. They boycotted the buses for one year long. 

7. More than two lakh people conducted the Washington March. 

8. These are the ways in which they protested.

1. The raise in the price level of oil will severely affect social life.

2. The raise in the price levels of oil will lead to raise in the transportation costs. 

3. It’s raise leads to raise in the prices of essential commodities. 

4. As we depend a lot on oil imports, it’s cost raise will charge a lot on our exchequer.

1. Meira Paibi (in Meitei language) literally can be translated as ‘torch bearers’.

2. Meira Paibi originated as a movement to prevent public disorder due to alcohol abuse in the late 1970s. 

3. But, it soon became a movement for human rights with the massive deployment of Indian armed forces to counter the armed movement in the early 1980s. 

4. This resulted in frequent military operations and human rights violations. The Meira Paibi responded instantly with protest demonstrations. 

5. The Meira Paibi took to patrolling the streets at night. 

6. Women of every leikai or ward of every town and village participated in the daily patrolling.

7. Bearing no weapons but only the bamboo and rag kerosene torches. 

8. These are not activists or politically inclined women, Meira Paibi group has also been demanding that AFSPA be revoked.

Washington March was conducted on 28th August 1963.

1. Social movements have been a powerful means for ordinary people to participate directly in creating positive social change.

2. There are deeply grounded in our founding values of security, culture, justice, democracy, civil rights, etc. 

3. Social movements have raised diverse demands cutting across the strict boundary of environment establishing equality. 

4. Most of the social movements are nonviolent and often a distance from individual political parties and are more united under a single cause. 

For all these conditions we can appreciate the basic features of the Social Movements.

1. Social movements have raised diverse demands of environment or human rights or equality. 

2. In some contexts, these resist changes that are forced on them. 

3. In some contexts, these demand for change.

4. These often distant from individual political parties and more united under a single cause. 

5. Their programmes are envisaged through participatory and democratic manner. 

6. Social movements arise when people feel that their expectations were unmet by political systems.

The American Civil Rights Movement fought for equal treatment of Afro-Americans against permitting segregation.

1. Amoeboid movement. 

2. Ciliary movement 

3. Muscular movement

The two movements related to Narmada Bachao Movement are 

1.  Movement of Indigenous people.
2.  Movement against neo-liberal policies.

The blank Americans began the Civil Rights Movements in 1960s 

1.  Segregation of the Blacks and Whites (in schools, buses and public places). 
2.  Discrimination in appointments, housing and in voting rights.

The point at which two separate bones meet is called a joint Depending on the type of movement they allow, joints can be of three types: fixed, slightly movable and movable joints.

1. Fitted or Immovable joints: 

In this type of joint, no movement is possible between the two bones. The structures between the bones of the skull box are examples of immovable joints.

2. Slightly movable joints: 

Only very little (partial) movement occurs between the two bones. The joint between a rib and the breast bone or between the vertebrae is the example for slightly movable joint.

3. Freely movable joints: 

In this type, varying degree of movements is possible between the two bones forming the joint. There are six major types of movable joints.

Condition: 

The different types of movable joints are:

1. Cervical – 7 

2. Thoracic – 12 

3. Lumbar – 5 

4. Sacral – 5 

5. Coccygeal – 4

Hollow bones have air spaces between them and make the body light. This helps the birds in flight.

(e) vertebral column

(d) whole body

(b) movement in three planes

1. False 

Correct statement: Muscles can only contract and relax but cannot lengthen.

2. True

3. True

4. False 

Correct statement: Cardiac muscles are in voluntary muscles.

5. False 

Correct statement: There are 12 pairs of ribs.

6. True

7. True

8. False 

Correct statement: Joint between rib and breast bone is a slightly movable joint.

1. Muscles often work in pairs which work against each other. These are called antagonistic pairs. 

2. The muscles in the upper arm control the bending and straightening of the arm. 

3. The two muscles, the biceps and triceps are working against each other.

4. When the biceps contracts the lower arm is raised and the arm bends. 

5. In this position the triceps muscle is relaxed. 

6. To straighten the arm the reverse happens. 

7. The triceps contracts straightening the arm, while the biceps relaxes.

(c) Ball and socket

1. Movement and Locomotion

Movement:

• Movement is the act of changing the place or position by one or more parts of the body. 
• It can either be voluntary or involuntary. 
• A movement takes place at the biological level. 
• Movement requires energy.

 Locomotion: 

• Locomotion is the movement of an organism from one place to another. 
• It is always voluntary. 
• Locomotion takes place at the organism level. 
• Locomotion doesn’t necessarily require energy.

 2. Endoskeleton and Exoskleton

Endoskeleton: 

• It is the skeleton found inside the body. 
• It originals from mesoderm. 
• Example: Human beings. 

Exoskleton: 

• It is the skeleton found on the exterior layer of the body. 
• It originals from embryonic ectoderm or mesoderm. 
• Example: Scales of fish feathers of birds

 3. Pectoral and Pelvic girdle

Pectroal girdle: 

• It is situated in the shoulder region. 
• It gives articulation to forelimbs.
• The shoulder blade and collar bone remain separate. 
• They are comparatively lighter. 

Pelvic girdle: 

• It is situated in the hip region. 
• It gives articulation to legs or hind limb. 
• Three bones (ilium, ischium and pubis) are fused to form a single hip bone. 
• They are strong to take upto lot of stress.

4. Ball and socket Joint and Hinge Joint

Ball and socket Joint: 

• A ball shaped head of one bone articulates with a cup like socket of an adjacent bone. 
• Movement can occur in three planes. This joint allows the greatest range of movement.
• Example: Shoulder, Hip

Hinge Joint: 

• A cylindrical protrusion of one bone articulates with a trough-shaped depression of an adjacent bone. 
• Movement is restricted to one plane. This joint allows bending and straightening only. 
• Example: Elbow Knee Ankle

 5. Voluntary and Involuntary muscle: 

Voluntary muscle: 

• They are striated (Multinucleate muscles and unbranched) muscles.
•   They are attached to bones. 
• Example: found in arms, legs 
• They are used as per our will.

Involuntary muscle: 

• They are non – striated (Single muscle, central nucleus) muscles. 
• They are attached to soft parts of the body like blood vessels, Iris, Skin etc. 
• They are not under our control.

1. A bird has streamlined body. Its bones are light and strong. 

2. They are hollow and have air spaces between them. 

3. The hind limbs of birds are modified as claws, which help them to walk and to perch. 

4. The breast bones are modified to hold massive flight muscles which help in moving wings up and down. 

5. Birds have special flight muscles and the forelimbs are modified as wings. 

6. The wings and tail have long feathers, which help in flying. Birds show two types of flight: gliding and flapping

The skeletal system serves five important functions in the human body: 

1. It provides structure and shape to the body. 

2. It supports and surrounds the internal organs of the body.

3. Calcium and phosphorus, the two minerals that the body needs for important regulatory functions, are stored inside the bones. 

4. Red blood cells are produced in the bone marrow. 

5. The bones of the skeletal system act as levers for muscular action.

Muscular movement would not be possible without tendons (fibrous cords of tissue that attach muscle to bone) and ligaments (fibrous cords of tissue that attach bone to bone).

The Femur is the strongest bone of human skeleton.

1. c 

2. a 

3. b 

4. d

(c)  Patella

Axial skeleton: 

The axial skeleton consists of the bones along the axis, or central line of the human body and consists of the skull, facial bones, sternum, ribs, and vertebral column. 

Appendicular skeleton: 

The appendicular skeleton contains the bones in the appendages of the body, as well as the structures that connect the appendages to the axial skeleton. It comprises the shoulder girdle; the arm, wrist, and hand bones; the pelvic girdle; and the leg, ankle, and foot bones.

Phalanges refer to bones of the toes.

a) Article 9.

b) According to article 10 everyone is entitled to a fair and public hearing by an independent and impartial judiciary.

c) The above articles are framed to protect civil and human rights.

d) “Article 7” insists on equality before law.

a) It was a movement to protest against discrimination of blacks in the USA in 1960s.

b) In Nellore District.

c) Green Peace movement.

d) Alexander Solzhenitsyn and Andrei Sakharov.

This paragraph is about the inequalities in the society. Women discrimination is discussed. Their voice was not being heard. It means they were not allowed to say what they demand. Many of the black women participated in the Civil rights movement but not even a single woman was allowed to speak is the March. The women came to know that they should fight for their rights.

There was strong discrimination between the Whites and the Blacks. Especially the black women had no rights. The Americans purchased the black people from Nigeria and other African countries as if they purchase different commodities. They were treated as slaves. In 1960s there was a segregation of blacks and whites in schools, buses and public places. The blacks were discriminated against in appointments, housing and even in voting rights. So there was a movement against this discrimination.

White Aryan supremacy was the reason for this segregation. The Americans, the English, and French, and the Germans feel that they are Nordic race and their race is the supreme one.

Dr. Martin Luther King delivered a speech that he had a dream that his children would one day live in a nation where they would not be judged by the colour of skin.

Discrimination is there in different forms. At the time of Second World War, in Germany, millions of Jews were killed. Caste based discrimination was there in India. Nowadays this discrimination is reduced.

Special status is being given to some people based on their birth or position. In these days, everyone is coming out for study and employment. As this was not there, the movements began. Nowadays the women occupied many high positions. Banks, political parties are also being run by the women. About five states in India are being ruled by the women. Many IAS, IPS officers are there from women.

In conclusion, the women should be given priority, even in family matters. The head of the family may be the women. She could play a crucial role in taking decisions. Equal rights are to be given to women. They should be encouraged for higher education. There voice is to be given respect. In political scenario the wives of leaders occupied some positions but their husbands are ruling. This shouldn’t happen. Let the elected rule of themselves. I hope to see the world without any sort of discrimination.

Importance of Environment

1. The surroundings in which living and nonliving things are present is known as the environment. 

2. For living things environment provides basic needs for staying alive. 

3. We get food, shelter and cloth from the environment. 

4. Tourism people go the jungle to observe animals and for their different characteristics. 

5. The forest, ocean and sky environment provides shelter to various animals. 

6. It also provides home for us.

1. Proper medical treatment of the victims. 

2. Adequate compensation for them based on international standards. 

3. Fixing criminal responsibility for the disaster on the management of the multinational company. 

4. Steps to prevent disasters in the future.

The losses incurred due to Bhopal gas disaster:

1. Thousands of people lost their lives. 
2.  Many people became homeless. 
3.  Still people are suffering from its ill effects.
4.  It caused damage to the environment.

1. Thousands of scientists and intellectuals from across the world campaigned for abolishing all nuclear weapons and insisted that USA and USSR come to an agreement to end the Arms Race. 

2. Massive protests took place against the governments weaponization policies and demanded them to reduce nuclear arms and work towards peace on a long term. 

3. The USA and the USSR began the race to cut down their nuclear arsenal.

4. Strategic Arms Limitation talks were unsuccessful. 

5. A Treaty was signed in 1991 called Strategic Arms Reduction Treaty (START) 

6. In late 2001, according to this treaty, 80% of the all strategic weapons then in existence were removed.

1. Most of the times it is possible to build factories, mines or power plants without throwing out the farmers or the tribal people. 

2. Because they need infrastructural facilities and raw material. 

3. .For that Government should think of alternatives.

4. Protection of the interests of the farmers and tribals also lies with the government.

5. The government should see that no damage is done to any sections of people. 

6. Compensations in terms of land, money or job are to be properly calculated. 

7. Government has to go for alternatives if the interests of any section of people are hurt.

1. Tribal people, poor farmers, landless workers, women and the workers in the unorganised sector have been worst hit. 

2. They have no access to better education and skills. 

3. As a result, they are not able to get better paying jobs or legal or other constitutional remedies. 

4. Due to the activities such as mining and construction of major projects, many tribal people and farmers are being displaced.

a) The war technique of Vietnam is Guerrilla warfare.

b) Chemical weapons and Napalm bombs are the inventions of U.S.A Arsenal.

c) The war was fought in Vietnam. So, none of the USA civilian deaths occurred there.

d) There were 58000 military deaths for the USA.

e) There were 8 to 30 lakh civilian deaths for Vietnam.

1. With the end of the Second World War and the independence of colonies and semi colonies like India, China, Indonesia, Nigeria and Egypt by mid 1950s a new era began in the world.

2. This was an era of economic growth and prosperity for most of the countries, but also of growing tensions in many countries. 

3. Sections of societies which had long been denied equal rights came out asserting their rights.

a) British established their control over Manipur in 1891.

b) Manipur signed a merger agreement with India in 1949. 

c) Two distinctive geographical terrains in Manipur are 1) Hills and 2) Valleys.

The USA and the USSR, the main competitors in the arms race began talks to cut down their nuclear arsenal.

1.  SALT – Strategic Arms Limitation Talks. 
2.  START – Strategic Arms Reduction Treaty.

The USA and the UK.

The 1970s and 1980s.

1. Tribal and marginal farmers are being threatened by commercial farmers, mining corporations, dam projects, etc.

2. As large companies find rare resources in remote rural areas there has been a rapid increase in the ousting of the farming and tribal population. 

3. This led to the destruction of tribal cultures.

4. So they became most vulnerable section of the society. 

5. These gave rise to environmental movements. 

6. Poor families, landless workers, women, industrial workers, and workers in unorganized sectors have been worst hit.

The Greenpeace movement initially started as a protest in 1971 against the American underwater nuclear tests near Alaska.

1. Here the people in the USA were refusing to be drafted into the army to fight in the Vietnam war. 

2. They were saying that they had examined the history and the nature of the war. 

3. Participation was contrary to the dictates of their consciences.

4. So they are refusing to join into military services. 

5. They signed on the statement in order to create political opposition to the war. 

6. The article was a trendsetter as people’s rejection to war was established in the statement.

1. Yes, I agree with this view.

2. Because the women contribute nearly half of the participants in all aspects.

1. One of the most important civil rights movements was the American Civil Rights Movement. 

2. It fought for equal treatment of Afro-Americans of Black Americans and against rules that permitted segregation of blacks and whites in schools, buses, and public places and discriminated against them in appointments, housing, and even voting rights.

Correct answer is In 1993.

1. Bringing awareness among the people. 

2. Proper implementation of the laws. 

3. Formation of village committees.

4. Making involvement of women.

Correct answer is 1995.