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A socket is used to connect an application to a network protocol. A socket enables communication between a client and a SERVER. The communication is started when the client is assigned a local PORT NUMBER, and binds a socket to it. The client writes on the socket and gets information from server by reading it. The Socket class is used to communicate. It provides rich SET of methods for both asynchronous and synchronous data transfer. ConnectAsync is used to start an asynchronous connection. SendAsync and ReceiveAsync are used to send and receive data. Shutdown and CLOSE methods are used to shutdown and close the sockets.

A socket is used to connect an application to a network protocol. A socket enables communication between a client and a server. The communication is started when the client is assigned a local port number, and binds a socket to it. The client writes on the socket and gets information from server by reading it. The Socket class is used to communicate. It provides rich set of methods for both asynchronous and synchronous data transfer. ConnectAsync is used to start an asynchronous connection. SendAsync and ReceiveAsync are used to send and receive data. Shutdown and close methods are used to shutdown and close the sockets.

A socket is used to connect an APPLICATION to a network protocol. A socket enables communication between a client and a server. The communication is started when the client is assigned a LOCAL port NUMBER, and BINDS a socket to it. The client writes on the socket and gets INFORMATION from server by reading it.

A socket is used to connect an application to a network protocol. A socket enables communication between a client and a server. The communication is started when the client is assigned a local port number, and binds a socket to it. The client writes on the socket and gets information from server by reading it.

1. When the same message or packet needs to be SENT to multiple destinations, multicasting is used.
2. Within CAMPUS and offices, using multicasting file distribution can be done.
3. SYSTEM messages, news and videos can be sent at the same time.
4. More commonly used for AUDIO and video streaming. 
5. Used for programming on MBone which allows the users at high-bandwidth points to receive video and SOUND programming.
6. It also uses a protocol which allows the signal to be encapsulated as TCP/IP packet.

Controlling the scope of multicast transmission restricts the range of group members. TTL (Time To Live) is one of the mechanisms to limit the scope. If the TTL value is SMALL, packets would only be multicast to SMALLER distance destinations. More the value of TTL, more would be the scope of transmission to a larger number of MACHINES. Administrative scoping is ANOTHER mechanism. In this, transmission is restricted to a specific address space of an organization or a SITE.

Controlling the scope of multicast transmission restricts the range of group members. TTL (Time To Live) is one of the mechanisms to limit the scope. If the TTL value is small, packets would only be multicast to smaller distance destinations. More the value of TTL, more would be the scope of transmission to a larger number of machines. Administrative scoping is another mechanism. In this, transmission is restricted to a specific address space of an organization or a site.

Multicast PROTOCOL or Internet protocol delivers a SINGLES message to multiple machines. One packet from the source is replicated and sent to the destination. Every multicast message requires a multi case group. The group DEFINES the addresses which will receive the message. The group is defined by the class D address. Different routing PROTOCOLS are used to find the multicast groups and build ROUTES for them. Distance Vector Multicast protocol is one of them. The receiver, to whom the multicast packet is sent to, needs to ‘join’ the group. Joining the group is enabled and managed by IGMP. Multicast routers are used to transmit the messages from one network to another.

Multicast protocol or Internet protocol delivers a singles message to multiple machines. One packet from the source is replicated and sent to the destination. Every multicast message requires a multi case group. The group defines the addresses which will receive the message. The group is defined by the class D address. Different routing protocols are used to find the multicast groups and build routes for them. Distance Vector Multicast protocol is one of them. The receiver, to whom the multicast packet is sent to, needs to ‘join’ the group. Joining the group is enabled and managed by IGMP. Multicast routers are used to transmit the messages from one network to another.

It is a PROBLEM that can RUIN TCP performance. This problem occurs when DATA are PASSED to the sending TCP entity in LARGE blocks, but an interactive application on the receiving side reads 1 byte at a time.

It is a problem that can ruin TCP performance. This problem occurs when data are passed to the sending TCP entity in large blocks, but an interactive application on the receiving side reads 1 byte at a time.

PIM is a PROTOCOL used between the routers to forward multicast traffic. PIM works in TWO modes

1. PIM DENSE Mode
2. PIM Sparse Mode

PIM is a protocol used between the routers to forward multicast traffic. PIM works in two modes

• Used in both PIM Sparse Mode only.
• Uses Rendezvous Point as the Root of the MULTICAST TREE and shortest path tree will be created between i) Source & RP ii) Receiver & RP
• It is also known as Root Path Tree or Core Based Tree.
• EVERY Router in Source Tree will add (*,G) Entries in multicast routing table.

Where * = All SOURCES

G = Destination IP address ( Multicast IP address)(224.5.5.5)

Where * = All Sources

G = Destination IP address ( Multicast IP address)(224.5.5.5)

Source Tree:

• Used in both PIM SPARSE Mode and Dense Mode.
• Uses Source as the Root of the Multicast Tree and Receivers are ACTING like branches.
• It is also known as Shortest Path Tree because it uses the shortest path between source and receiver.
• Every Router in Source Tree will add (S,G) ENTRIES in multicast ROUTING table.

Where S = Source or Sender IP address ( Unicast) (192.1.1.1)

G = DESTINATION IP address ( Multicast IP address) (224.5.5.5)

Source Tree:

Where S = Source or Sender IP address ( Unicast) (192.1.1.1)

G = Destination IP address ( Multicast IP address) (224.5.5.5)

Multicast Distribution Tree SPECIFIES the path between source and RECEIVER in which multicast TRAFFIC should be forwarded.

There are mainly TWO types of Multicast Distribution Trees

1. Source Tree
2. SHARED Tree

Multicast Distribution Tree specifies the path between source and Receiver in which multicast traffic should be forwarded.

There are mainly two types of Multicast Distribution Trees

• In IGMPV1 there are only 2 messages are used ( MEMBERSHIP Query and Membership Report) whereas in IGMPV2 there is one more message extra( Query, Report and Leave).
• In IGMPV1 there is no Group Membership Query message.
• There is no Querier ELECTION mechanism in IGMPV1.

IGMP is a PROTOCOL which enables the host to join PARTICULAR group by signalling the ROUTER.

IGMP is a protocol which enables the host to join particular group by signalling the router.

IGMP - PROVIDES the communication between host and Router

PIM(IPV4), MLD(IPV6)- Provides the communication between Router and Router

IGMP SNOOPING & CGMP - Provides the communication between Router & Switch

IGMP - Provides the communication between host and Router

PIM(IPV4), MLD(IPV6)- Provides the communication between Router and Router

IGMP Snooping & CGMP - Provides the communication between Router & Switch

Multicast is a METHOD of SENDING the data from ONE source to so MANY receivers.

Multicast is a method of sending the data from one source to so many receivers.