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Answer is (C) Khalifa

“Swaraj is my birthright and I shall have it”.

(B) Knighthood

(C) Violence

Correct option is (c) Bal Gangadhar Tilak

Correct option is (b) 1906 A.D.

Answer is (C) 1922

Associations:

1. Bengal British Indian Society
2. British Indian Association
3. Indian Association
4. Bombay Presidency Association.

Objective: Main objective of these associations was to demand reforms in Indian administrative system by the government and to get political rights for Indian people.

1. 1885

2. 1905

3. Bal Gangadhar Tilak

4. 1907

Correct option is (d) Champaran

(C) Pratapgarh

William Jones, Max Muller and Jacobi.

Ferozshah Mehta, Dada Bhai Naoroji, Surendra Nath Banerjee, Gopal Krishna Gokhle and Madan Mohan Malvia.

(A) Use the goods of our own land

(C) Both A & B

In 1907 the Indian National Congress split into 2

It was hoisted in March, 1944.

Mahatma Gandhiji came back in 1891 A.D. from England and then again came back to India from South Africa in 1915 A.D.

The British government appointed Simon Commission and sent it to India in 1928 A.D. to check the Reform Act of 1919. This Commisson had seven members but none of them was an Indian. So this commission was strongly opposed with black flags and slogans like ‘Simon go back’. Police started canning the revolutionaries. As a result Lala Lajpat Rai got hurt in this canning and later on he died because of these wounds.

The British fought Second World War against Japan. So Japan decided to attack India because India was under the British rule. Gandhiji thought that if the British could left India then Japan would not attack India. So Gandhiji started Quit India Movement on 8th August 1942 A.D. Government arrested Gandhiji and other Congress leaders on 9th August 1942 A.D. People got angry with this and they severely damaged police stations, government buildings, post offices and railway stations. Government also used repressive policies but was unable to suppress the revolutionaries.

Mahatma Gandhi started Civil Disobedience Movement in 1930-1934 A.D. to attain freedom from the British. He broke the Salt Law at a place named Dandi on the coast of Gujarat. Encouraged by this incident, people of all the coastal areas started violating the Salt Law. A pact was signed between Gandhiji and Lord Irwin in 1931 A.D. All those who had violated the law were freed. Gandhiji went to England to participate in the Second Round Table Conference. But no satisfactory solution to the Indian problems could be found there. ^On his return from England, Gandhiji again started the Civil Disobedience Movement. Gandhiji was arrested and sent to jail. Government declared Indian National Congress illegal to suppress this movement and leaders of Congress were sent to jail. Police fired at people at many places. But the British government was unable to suppress this movement.

Revolutionary movement was also started in India for getting freedom from the British rule. Their brief description is given below :

1. Babbar Akali Movement: Some Akali Sikh leaders wanted to run Gurudwara reform movement in a violent way. They were known as Babbar Akalis. Their leader Kishan Singh founded a ‘Chakravarti Jatha’ and raised his voice against repressive policies of British at Hoshiarpur and Jalandhar. He along with his 186 friends was arrested on 20th February 1923. Five out of them were hanged.

2. Young India Society (Naujawan Bharat Sabha): Young India Society was founded at Lahore in 1926 A.D. It’s founder members were Bhagat Singh, Rajguru, Bhagwaticharan Vohra, Sukhdev, etc.

Main Objectives: The following were the main objectives of this society :

• To develop feeling of sacrifice.
• To develop sense of patriotism among the people.
• To spread revolutionary ideas among the masses.

Membership: All the males-females of 18 to 35 years of age were free to become members of this society. Only those persons could become members who believed in their programmes. Many males and females of Punjab gave their cooperation to this society. Durga Devi Vohra, Sushila Mohan, Amar Kaur, Parvati Devi and Lilawati were some of its members.

Activities: Members of this society were fully active at the time of arrival of Simon Commission. Revolutionaries took out strong procession against Simon Commission under the leadership of Lala Lajpat Rai. The British police caned that procession. Lala Lajpat Rai was severely hurt in this canning. He died on 17th November 1928 A.D. Meantime, all the revolutionaries of India made their central organization called ‘Indian Socialist Republic Association’. Members of Young India Society started to carry on activities with this association.

Assembly Bomb Case: Bhagat Singh and Batukeshwar Dutt surrendered themselves by throwing bombs in legislative assembly on 8th April 1929 A.D. Pobce also arrested two other revolutionaries—Sukhdev and Rajguru.

Bhagat Singh, Sukhdev and Rajguru were hanged on”23rd March 1931 A.D. on the charges of murder of Police officer Mr. Sanderas. But it is one of the hard facts that Bhagat Singh sacrificed his life and set an example which could motivate .the coming generations.

(A) 1921 – 22

Answer is (B) Gandhi

(D) All the above

(D) Federal Castro

Answer is (B) 1940

Yes. I agree with her.

Reasons:

1. With the growth of English education in some major cities, a new consciousness, began to develop. 

2. They opposed the inequalities and injustices of the old social system. 

3. They pointed out the exploitation and injustice caused by the British rule and fought to end it. Thus they sprouted the nationalism in the minds of common people.

One major trigger for the movement was the proposal for partition of Bengal into East and West Bengal in 1903 by Lord Curzon. The Nationalists immediately saw this as a political act by the government to divide the Bengali people and also weaken the national movement. Even the ordinary people of Bengal were enraged by this act and took to streets to protest against it. There were massive protests, petitions and campaigns but they were not heeded to and the government partitioned Bengal in 1905. Several protest meetings were held and together they decided to boycotting English cloth and salt. There was a tremendous mass response to this call. Boycott and public burning of foreign cloth, picketing of shops selling foreign goods became common in remote corners of Bengal as well as in many important towns and cities throughout the country. Women refused to wear foreign bangles and use foreign utensils, washermen refused to wash foreign clothes and even priests declined offerings which contained foreign sugar. This spontaneous unity of diverse social groups was the basis of Indian nationalism. The early nationalists were successful in germinating this nationalism. There was also a call for boycott of all government institutions like schools, colleges, courts etc. People set up Swadeshi schools and colleges and parallel courts in which they settled their mutual disputes. Thus the people responded to division of Bengal.

a) In the early phase of Indian National Congress it included the intellectuals all over the Nation. 

b) Swadeshi Movement gave tremendous impetus to Indian industry. 

c) Everyone expected that the British would accept the just demands for democratic rule in India and bring in the constitutional reforms.

I understood Swadeshi ‘as goods produced in our own country’. The major areas of its impact were:

1. Political 

2. Social 

3. Industrial 

4. Foreign trade 

5. Spiritual 

6. Business (national trade) 

7. Education 

8. Cultural 

9. Judicial

Early nationalists were educated and intellectuals. They studied the economic impact of the British rule. They understood that the British was draining the Indian wealth in many ways.

e.g : 

Enabling cheap selling of British goods in India and retraining Indian crafts and industries.

So they believed that the British were responsible for the poverty and famines in India.

The First World War lasted for 5 years.

(C) 1857 revolt

In its first twenty years, the Congress was “moderate” in its objectives and methods. The Congress leaders of this period were called the Moderates. During this period, the main demand of Congress was about getting a greater voice for Indians in the government and administration.

Some of the reasons for dissatisfaction with British rule in the 1870s and 1880s are as follows:

• The Arms Act was passed in 1878. This Act disallowed Indians from possessing arms.
• The Vernacular Press Act was passed in 1878. This Act empowered the government to confiscate the assets of newspapers including their printing presses, if the newspaper published anything “objectionable”.
• The government tried to introduce the Ilbert Bill in 1883. The bill made provisions for trial of British or European persons by Indians. Thus, the Ilbert Bill sought equality between British and Indian judges in the country. But the whites opposed the Bill and forced the government to withdraw it.

In spite of being a body of the educated elite, the Congress also talked about the common people.

(B) 1905 – 1920

Answer is (B) Nehruji

Moti Lai Nehru, Dr. Rajendra Prasad, C.R. Dass, Sardar Patel, Lala Lajpat Rai, etc.

Indian people started the Satyagraha movement in opposition to Act of 1919 A.D. So the British Government passed Rowlatt Act in 1919 A.D. to control the situation. According to this Act, the British government was free to arrest any person without issuing any warrant and without any trial. Arrested person was not allowed to appeal in court against his arrest. So this Act was strongly opposed by the people. Pt. Moti Lai Nehru criticised this Act by saying, “No Appeal, No Vakil and No Dalil.” Gandhiji started Satyagraha movement in whole of the country to oppose Rowlatt Act.

Simon Commission was appointed in 1928 A.D. to check the Reform Act of 1919 A.D.

Correct option is (a) 1919 A.D.

Lala Lajpat Rai was a great patriot. He lodged a strong protest against the partition of Bengal. In 1928, he led a procession at Lahore to protest against the Simon Commission. The police cane-charged the processionists as a result of which he received severe injuries. He died of these injuries a few days later.

After the failure of the Non-Cooperation movement, the government passed the laws which were not in the interests of the public. The rates of taxes were so high that a common man was unable to pay. Civil Disobedience movement was started by Gandhiji to mark protest against such laws.

Sardar Bhagat Singh was a great revolutionary. He threw a bomb in the Legislative Assembly Hall at Delhi to convey the feelings of the Indians to the British Government. He was also among those revolutionaries who shot dead Mr. Saunders, the Deputy Superintendent of Police at Lahore.

Round Table Conferences were held at London. First Two Conferences. First Round Table Conference was called by the British Government in 1930 A.D. to discuss the report of Simon Commission. But this Conference remained unsuccessful due to boycot of the Congress.

Gandhi-Irwin Pact was signed between Mahatma Gandhi and Lord Irwin on 5th March 1931. Gandhiji accepted to suspend Civil Disobedience Movement and to take part in Second Round Table Conference in this Pact. Second Round Table Conference was held in London in Sept. 1931 and Gandhiji demanded to stop the rule of representing Indians in centre and provinces. But he was unsuccessful in meeting his demands. As a result he again started Civil Disobedience Movement on 3rd January 1932 A.D. In the end Gandhiji and other Congress leaders were arrested.

Third Conference. Third Conference was held in 1932 A.D. Gandhiji didn’t take part in it.

Indian National Congress passed a resolution of Poorna Swaraj at its annual session on 31st December 1929 A.D. This session was held at Lahore, on the banks of Ravi river, under the presidentship of Pt. Jawahar Lai Nehru. This was also decided in this session that if government did not free India quickly then Independence Day will be celebrated in whole of the country on 26th January 1930 A.D. It was also decided to start Satyagraha movement to achieve independence. 26th January 1930 was celebrated as first Independence day in the whole country.

Second World War started in Sept. 1939 A.D. The British government did not consult the Congress leaders and declared India’s participation iij the war. The Congress leaders criticised this declaration and resigned from provincial legislative councils. The British government sent Cripps Mission to India on March 1942, under Sir Starford Cripps so that the solution of this problem could be found. It put certain proposals before the Congress leaders which were unable to satisfy the Congress leaders.

The British government sent the Cabinet Mission, with three members, to India in March 1946 A.D. Its President was Lord Pathik Lawrence. This mission discussed with Indian leaders about political power to be given to India. It also suggested to establish constitutional committee to frame the constitution and to establish interim Government in the country. So according to this suggestion, Jawaharlal Nehru made an interim government in Sept. 1946. Muslim League also joined interim government on 15th Oct. 1946 A.D.