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When the tectonic balance is disturbed, hot magma, “Jrock material, ash, water vapour and other gases rush towards the surface with great speed. These are thrown out through a fissure or a vent in the rock strata. This process is called ‘volcanic eruption’.

There are four reasons for volcanic eruptions :

1. Very high temperature in the interior of the Earth,

2. Formation of liquid magma,

3. Formation of gases and water vapour and

4. Movement of magma towards the surface of the Earth.

When a volcanic eruption takes place, ash, big . rocks and lava, etc. are deposited around the volcanic crater and a cone-shaped small or big hill is formed. Frequent eruptions raise the height of the hill and it turns into a volcanic mountain.

1. I shall arrange for residential accommodation of earthquake-affected people.

2. I shall provide them with food, clothes, medicine, utensils for cooking, beds, etc.

3. I shall try to get financial help from government and other NGOs for repairing or buying new houses for the earthquake-affected people who lost their homes due to the earthquake.

4. I shall help to rescue the people buried under the debris.

5. I shall hand over household goods and other things obtained from the debris to the authorised officer of government.

6. If possible, I shall accommodate earthquake-affected people in my house for some days.

7. I shall offer consolation, show patience and try to give them courage.

1. focus

2. Forest fires

3. cyclone

4. Konkan

There are three reasons for earthquakes.
They are :

1. Earthquakes caused by volcanic eruptions (Volcanic Earthquakes),

2. Earthquakes caused by strike-slip faults (Tectonic Earthquakes) and

3. Earthquakes caused by subduction in an active subduction zone (Plutonic Earthquakes).

Due to catastrophic (sudden) movements like collision of plates in the interior of the Earth or heavy pressure, the weak upper crust of Earth experiences sudden tremors. This is called ‘earthquake’.

The place from where these movements start is called ‘Focus’. The focus of the earthquake is in the interior of the earth.

The seismic waves caused due to an earthquake ; travel at different velocities in different directions. The nearest place on the surface of Earth, perpendicular to the focus of the earthquake is called its ‘Epicentre’. The area around the epicentre suffers maximum damage. The impact of the earthquake becomes less as we go away from the epicentre. The effect of an earthquake depends on its intensity.

Seismographs placed at various centres on the surface? record the earthquake very minutely. The locations o. the focus and the intensity of the earthquake can be ascertained with the help of a seismograph. 

There are ‘ three types of earthquakes :

1. Volcanic,

2. Tectonic and

3. Plutonic.

1. disturbance

2. epicentre

3. intensity

4. potassium

5. flood

6. Seismograph

7. coastal regions

B. Epicentre

1. False

2. True

3. False

4. True

5. True

6. True

Due to catastrophic (sudden) movements like collision of plates in the interior of the Earth or heavy pressure, the weak upper crust of Earth experiences sudden tremors. This is called ‘earthquake’.

The place from where these movements start is called ‘Focus’. The focus of the earthquake is in the interior of the earth.

The seismic waves caused due to an earthquake ; travel at different velocities in different directions. The nearest place on the surface of Earth, perpendicular to the focus of the earthquake is called its ‘Epicentre’. The area around the epicentre suffers maximum damage. The impact of the earthquake becomes less as we go away from the epicentre. The effect of an earthquake depends on its intensity.

Seismographs placed at various centres on the surface? record the earthquake very minutely. The locations o. the focus and the intensity of the earthquake can be ascertained with the help of a seismograph. 

There are ‘ three types of earthquakes :

1. Volcanic,

2. Tectonic and

3. Plutonic.

1. I shall pick up my valuable things and go to a higher place.

2. I shall avoid the fascination of watching the tsunami at the seacoast.

3. I shall listen to the radio and television for more safety instructions about tsunami.

4. I shall take benefits offered by social service organizations for safety from tsunami.

I shall immediately:

1. Go to a safer place.

2. Switch off all electric connections and stand away from electric poles, large trees, buildings, etc.

3. Shift my cattle to a safe place.

4. Put the valuable things in my house in a safe place.

5. Have enough quantity of food and water.

6. Maintain patience and courage.

7. Listen to the weather news on radio and television and follow safety instructions strictly.

8. I will not be carried away by rumours.

9. After the cyclone is over, I shall participate in the rescue work and show compassion for the affected persons.

• I shall provide food grains, clothes, medicines, utensils for kitchen, and beds, etc. to him.
• I shall arrange for his stay.
• I shall instruct my friend and the villagers to drink only boiled water.
• I shall arrange to provide enough grass and drinking water for the cattle in his house.
• With the help of friends, I shall clean up the filth deposited in his home due to flood.
• I shall join the labour camps to repair the roads damaged due to the flood.
• Some NGOs work in flood affected areas to provide relief. I shall join such an institution.
• I shall contribute as much money as I can to the Chief Minister’s Relief Fund or to some fund raising institution.

Due to heavy and continuous rainfall in the upper course of a river, or due to bursting of a dam causes water to flow at great speed. This is called a ‘flood’. Low-lying areas along the river bed are most affected by floods.

Landslides occur more in the regions of heavy rainfall and in tectonic zones. This is so because surface rocks are broken due to heavy rainfall or due to an earthquake.

A drought means the non-occurrence of rains. Such a condition is created when there is no rainfall or scanty rainfall which leads to the drying up of ground water. This is called ‘drought’. Droughts create shortage of food grains and water.

B. Atmospheric