Explore topic-wise InterviewSolutions in .

(a) and (b) 

(a) Hazard

(b) Disaster

A hazard is a dangerous phenomenon, substance, human activity or condition that may cause loss of life, injury, health impacts, property damage, loss of livelihoods, services, social and economic disruption or environmental damage.

A sudden overflow of water in a large amount caused due to heavy rainfall is called Flood

(c) Mitigation

A disaster can be generally defined as “A serious disruption in the society causing widespread material, economic, social or environmental losses which exceed the ability of the affected society to cope using its own resources”.

1. TNSDMA 2. DDMA 3. SDRF

Preparation, Mitigation, Preparedness, Response, Recovery and Development are the six Disaster management cycles.

1. Loss of life and property,

2. Displacement of people and

3. Spread of contagious diseases such as cholera and Malaria etc.

1. Stay alert. Trains can come from either direction at any time,

2. Never sit on the edge of the Station Platform,

3. Cross the tracks safely.

The six disaster management phases that have been used in the concept of disaster cycle are as follows;

Pre-Disaster phase: Prevention and Mitigation:

1. The term prevention is often used to embrace the wide diversity of measures to protect persons and property.

2. Mitigation embraces all measures taken to reduce both the effects of the hazard itself and the vulnerable conditions to it in order to reduce the scale of a future disaster.

3. Therefore, mitigation may incorporate addressing issues such as land ownership, tenancy rights, wealth distribution, implementation of earthquake resistant building codes, etc.

Preparedness:

1. The process includes various measures that enable governments, communities and individuals to respond rapidly to disaster situations to cope with them effectively.

2. Preparedness includes for example, the formulation of viable emergency plans, the development of warning systems, the maintenance of inventories, public awareness and education and the training of personnel.

Early Warning:

1. This is the process of monitoring the situation in communities or areas known to be vulnerable to slow onset hazards, and passing the knowledge of the pending hazard to people harmless way.

2. To be effective, warnings must be related to mass education and training of the population who know what actions they must take when warned.

The Disaster Impact: 

1. This refers to the “real-time event of a hazard occurrence and affecting elements at risk.

2. The duration of the event will depend on the type of threat; ground shaking may only occur in a matter of seconds during an earthquake while flooding may take place over a longer sustained period.

During Disaster Phase:

Response: 

This refers to the first stage response to any calamity, which include for examples such as setting up control rooms, putting the contingency plan in action, issue warning, action for evacuation, taking people to safer areas, rendering medical aid to the needy etc., simultaneously rendering relief to the homeless, food, drinking water, clothing etc. to the needy, restoration of communication, disbursement of assistance in cash or kind. 

The Post- Disaster Phase:

Recovery:

Recovery is used to describe the activities that encompass the three overlapping phases of emergency relief, rehabilitation and reconstruction.

Rehabilitation:

Rehabilitation includes the provision of temporary public utilities and housing as interim measures to assist long-term recovery.

Reconstruction: 

Reconstruction attempts to return communities with improved pre-disaster functioning. It includes replacement of buildings; infrastructure and lifeline facilities so that longterm development prospects are enhanced rather than reproducing the same conditions, which made an area or population vulnerable in the first place. 

Development:

In an evolving economy, the development process is an ongoing activity. Longterm prevention/disaster reduction measures.

For examples like construction of embankments against flooding, irrigation facilities as drought proofing measures, increasing plant cover to reduce the occurrences of landslides, etc.

Defense, Energy, Food and Mining.

(b) Earthquake

(b) A and R are correct but A does not explain R

Landslides are occur by severe marine erosion of sea coast, Seismic activity, Heavy rainfall, construction of roads, railway lines, canal construction, mining and quarrying, over grazing deforestation.

Floods are temporary inundation of large regions as a result of heavy rainfall, prolonged rain cyclones, storm surge along coast.

The Bay of Bengal is subject to intense heating, giving rise to humid and unstable air masses that produce cyclones.

An earthquake is a sudden release of energy accumulated in rocks causing the ground to . tremble or shake.

The main causes of earthquake are natural and man – made factors.

1. Tectonic forces 

2. Volcanic activity 

3. Landslides and Landslips 

4. Collapse of underground cave roofs

Himalayan region.

It is a threat of naturally occurring event that will have a negative effect on people or the environment.

Ex: Earthquake, Landslide, Volcanic eruption.

A natural disaster is a major adverse event resulting from natural processes of the Earth e.g. Earthquakes, floods, drought and famine, cyclones, landslides, coastal erosion.

Major types of Disaster are Tectonic, Meteorological, and Topographical disasters.

Barren Volcanic Island in the Andaman Island

Zone V: This is the most severe seismic zone and is referred as very high damage Risk zone. The areas are Northeastern states, parts of Jammu Kashmir, Uttarkhand, and Bihar and Kutch region.

Zone IV: This zone is second in severity zone. Northern regions of Jammu and Kashmir, Himachal Pradesh, parts of Bihar, UP, Gujarat, West Bengal.

Coastal erosion means eroding down the coastline by sea waves.

Drought is a weather hazard, uncertainty of monsoon rainfall, deficient rainfall. So India is more frequently affected by droughts.

India droughts are classified into four types:

1. Meteorological Drought 

2. Hydrological Drought 

3. Agricultural Drought 

4. Ecological Drought

The main causes for the occurrence of drought and famine are reduction in annual rainfall, long period scarcity of surface and underground water,scarcity of stored water, excess utilization of freshwater. Overgrazing, deforestation. Improper agricultural practice, mining.

Avalanches are a hurtling mass of snow, ice and rock debris descending a mountain side.

The Ganga basin is the most important flood prone area of India.

The regions are western parts of Rajasthan, Kutch regions of Gujarat and semi-arid and arid regions of Western and North western parts of India. 

The most important avalanche prone area of India are mainly Jammu and Kashmir, Himachal radish, uttarkhand, Sikkim, parts of Arunchal Pradesh etc.

On the basis of severity of droughts, India can be divided into three drought prone areas. 

a. The Extreme drought prone areas: This is the most important drought prone areas of the country which has been recording continuous drought for many years. The regions are western parts of Rajasthan, Kutch regions of Gujarat and semi-arid regions of Western and North western parts of India.

b. The Severe drought prone areas: This is the second important drought prone areas of the county. The eastern parts of Rajasthan, western parts of Madhya Pradesh, Parts of Maharashtra, interior parts of Andhra Pradesh. North and northeastern parts of Karnataka and Tamil nadu.

c. The Moderate drought prone areas: This region is mainly found in regions of U.P, parts of Gujarat, Maharashtra, Jharkhand, Tamil Nadu and interior parts of Karnataka.

(b) A and R are correct but A does not explain R

Road accidents can be avoided by permitting the persons who have is License allowed to drive vehicle

1. dangerous 

2. Disaster management 

3. Tsunami 

4. 101 

5. conservation