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Both Venus and Mars has 95.97% of the carbon dioxide. But in our earth 0.02% of carbon dioxide is present. Our earth has 21% of oxygen which is necessary for all living beings. In this way Earth’s atmosphere is different from the atmosphere on Venus and Mars.

The carbon compound which forms the endoskeleton and exoskeleton of animals is calcium carbonate. Seashells are the exoskeletons of mollusks such as snails, clams, oysters, and many others. Such shells have three distinct layers and are composed mostly of calcium carbonate with only a small quantity of protein--no more than 2 percent.

a) Forests serve as lungs for the world. They purify the air and protect the earth from greenhouse effect and global warming, 

b) Forests are rich habitats for plants 

An example of renewable energy is forest.

In various geographical regions, 16 types of forests are found in India that includes about 15000 types of flowering plants.

According to Forest Survey of India (2001) about 3287263 square km land is covered with forest that is 20.5% of the total area. Out of them tropical dry deciduous forest is 38.7% and tropical moist deciduous forest is 30.9%. Hence, these two types of forests form 69.6% of the total forest. In India, largest forest region is found in MP which is about 77,265 square km. In Rajasthan the dense forest area is about 16,367 square km which is 2.4% of the total forest area in India. It is mainly confined in Aravali hills.

30% of terrain region & 60% of mountain region.

MP state in India having maximum forest area.

(b) Black soil

Answer is (C) Recover

The red soil is red in colour due to the presence of ferric oxide. It becomes yellow as one goes deep down into the soil. About 19% area of India is covered with red soil. This soil is spread from Tamil Nadu in the peninsular India upto Bundelkhand in the north, and from Rajmahal Hills in the east up to Kachchh in the west. Such soil is found in the districts of Udaipur, Chittorgadh, Dungarpur, Banaswada & Bhilwada. This soil is deficient in magnesium phosphate, nitrogen and potash. Moreover, it also does not contain lime, gravel and carbonate. Crops like millet, cotton, wheat, jowar, linseed, groundnut, potato, etc, are grown in this soil.

(a) It contains 19% of the total area of India.

(a) Udaipur, Chittorgarh, Banaswada, Bhilwada

Rain is droplets of water that fall from clouds. Heat from the Sun turns moisture (water) from plants and leaves, as well as oceans, lakes, and rivers, into water vapor (gas), which disappears into the air. This vapor rises, cools and changes into tiny water droplets, which form clouds

(b) It is formed due to spreading of the lava from the north.

• Pressure gradient- Air moves from areas of high pressure to areas of low pressure as observed during land and sea breeze. 

• Coriolis effect- is the deflection of moving air caused by the rotation of the earth. 

• Friction- It only affects the air movement in contact with the Earth. Friction slows down the air and if the air slows down, the Coriolis effect has more effect then of air movement.

It is believed that black (Regular) soil was formed due to the solidification of lava spread over large areas during volcanic activity in the Deccan Plateau, thousands of years ago. So, we can say that rocks and climate played an important role in the formation of black soil. Black soil is very fertile. It has good capacity of retaining moisture. Whenever the moisture dries up, the soil develops fissures and then cracks.

Black or regur soil covers about 15% of the total area of India. It is found in entire Maharashtra, Western Madhya Pradesh, Andhra Pradesh, and certain area of Karnataka. In Gujarat, it is found in Surat, Bharuch, Narmada, Vadodara, Tapi and Dang districts. Black soil contains iron, lime, calcium, potash, aluminium and magnesium carbonates in more proportion. Crops like cotton, linseed, mustard, groundnut, tobacco and urad are grown in this soil. The soil is quite suitable for cultivating cotton and hence is also known as cotton soil.

Mountain Soil: The layer of the mountain soil is very thin and is underdeveloped. Mountain soil is found in the valley and sloppy regions of Himalayas at an altitude of about 2700 to 3000 metres. This soil is found in Assam, Darjeeling, Uttarakhand, Himachal Pradesh and Kashmir. This soil is found in the regions of pipe and child trees in Himlayas.

Soil formation occurs by a process called weathering off rocks. For this breaking down of rocks, a number of factors are needed like, 

● Sun: - During daytime sun heats up the rocks due to which a little bit of expansion of rocks occurs. At night when the temperature falls rocks tend to contract, due to this simultaneous and subsequent heating, and cooling cracks are formed inside the rocks. This phenomenon can be easily observed in hilly areas during the rainy season. After the rain when the sun emerges it heats up the wet and cool mountains but they tend to resist due to which breaking of mountains occurs. 

● Water: - Water is another factor that helps in soil formation. Water fills up the cracks developed due to the heating and cooling of rocks and at causes the cracks to widen up more. Also, water takes away the smaller rocks and causes them to grind over one another ultimately causing them to break. 

● Wind: - wind also works the same way by taking away the sand from one place to another. 

● Living organism: - Some living organisms like lichens are the pioneer community i.e. they colonize the rocks first as the first living organism and they secrete certain acids when they grow on these rocks. Due to this secretion rocks becomes weak and break down easily. Roots of bigger trees can penetrate these rocks and can help in their breakdown. Along with them, other microorganisms and mosses help in the weathering of rocks. 

While polythene doesn’t play any role during this process.

The formation of soil mainly depends on the original rock, climate, organic components, slope of the land and time.

Removal of soil from one place to another by some natural agents like wind and water is known as soil erosion. Due to soil erosion, the soil loses its fertility. Natural agents like flowing” water or blowing wind remove the top fertile layer of soil. Moreover, it takes hundreds of years for the formation of new soil. As a result, crops cannot be grown on such soil and if grown, they have lesser market, value. Thus, soil erosion comes in the way of growing crops.

(a) Transportation of soil particles from one place to another with the help of natural forces.

Soil Erosion: When land particles get transferred from one place to another due to fast-moving air i.e. wind and water, it is called soil erosion.

It takes many years to form the upper layer of soil. When this top layer of soil erodes due to heavy rain or by stormy wind, the agricultural production on that soil decreases. Hence, it is extremely important to check that the soil does not erode. Measures to prevent soil erosion:

1. Control grazing activity on the land.
2. Plantation should be carried out in contour method in sloppy regions.
3. Trees should be planted in fallow land.
4. Construct check dams on streams.
5. To reduce the speed of the water cultivation should be done very deeply in the fields.

Soil formation is controlled by five factors. These are :

1. Nature of parent rock
2. The topography
3. The climate
4. The organism in the soil
5. Time

Soil formation is controlled by five factors :

1. nature of parent rock,
2. the topography,
3. the climate,
4. the organism in the soil and
5. time.

1. Parent Rock: The original rock called parent rock, from which the soil is formed, determines its basic characteristics. For example, shales contribute clays, while sandstones contribute sand grains.

2. Climate: Temperature and precipitation are the main climatic factors affecting soil formation. Frequent temperature changes and presence of water quicken soil formation through increased weathering.

3. Topography: Topography affects the drainage of an area. On a steep slope, there is hardly any chance of accumulation of weathered rocks. They are moved down the slope by water and under force of gravity. In plains and areas with gentle slope, soils are accumulated without any hindrance.

4. Organisms: Dead plants and animals provide humus to soil. Organisms like earthworms and ants through their movements create space for air and water in the soil.

5. Time: Time factor is also important because longer the time for soil formation, more deeper is the soil layer. Besides weathering of rocks, soil is also formed by deposition of materials by moving waters (rivers) and winds in low-lying areas. Alluvial soils of river valleys are very fertile and deep.

The soil loses its fertility when continuously used. When crops are grown every year it loses its nutrients which are necessary for good soil.

The five factors controlling soil formation are:

1. Nature of the parent rock
2. Topography
3. Climate
4. Time
5. Organism in it.

Soil erosion is the process of removal of top soil. It is rich in humus and nutrients.

The agents of soil erosion are mainly flowing water or wind. If soil erosion is continued for a long time, the land becomes infertile and barren due to the loss of its valuable nutrients.

The formation of soil takes place in the following ways:

(i) Rocks near the surface of Earth are broken down by various physical, chemical and some biological processes. This process takes millions of years.

(ii) This weathering leads to the formation of fine particles called soil.

(iii) Some other factors also lead to the formation of soil. These are:

(a) Sun causes heating of rocks that causes cracking and breaks down them into small particles.

(b) Water dissolve rocks by freezing and fast flowing.

(c) Wind causes erosion of rocks by fast blowing.

(d) Liches and mosses grow on rock surfaces and break them into powder down and form a thin layer of soil. The big trees sometimes enter into cracks in the rocks and force them to break further during their growth.

1. The addition of undesirable substances to water bodies. These substances could be the fertilizers and pesticides used in farming or they could be poisonous substances like mercury salts which are used by paper industries.

2. Releasing drainage water and effluents from industries to nearby water resources.

3. Releasing super heated water to rivers.

4. Change in temperature of river water.
These are the activity from which water gets polluted.

The activities which may be polluting the water bodies are:

(i) Disposal of garbage or sewage from cities/towns and from factories.

(ii) Hot water may be released from the industries which may disturb the temperature of water body leading to death of many aquatic organisms.

Yes, we would have to depend upon other states for water.

(A) Both a, b, are true

Fertilizers are basically chemical compounds. Because of their addition, soil fertility may get increased for a short time period, but in a long run, they make the land barren. Due to their addiction, the pH of soil becomes unfavorable for the Microorganisms and they die. No Microorganisms mean no nitrogen fixation and we will need to add more fertilizers and successive use makes the soil infertile and barren.

Nitrifying bacteria in the soil convert ammonia into nitrite (NO₂-) and then into nitrate (NO₃-). This process is called nitrification. Compounds such as nitrate, nitrite, ammonia, and ammonium can be taken up from soils by plants and then used in the formation of proteins.

False

Plant don't use this for making carbohydrates.

Evaporation of water from water bodies, condensation of these water vapors in the form of clouds, and then returning back to earth in the form of water droplets (rain) are the basic steps of the water cycle. Within this cycle, water can be found as 

● The liquid in oceans, rivers, and other water bodies. 

● In form of vapors in the clouds and in the air also. 

● Solid in the form of snow at high altitudes. 

● Water droplets at the period of rainfall.

Water is found in solid, liquid and gaseous states during the water cycle.

Water can be seen in water cycle in its all three different states.

These are:

(i) Gaseous State It occurs in the form of water vapour. It evaporates from the surface of water bodies and mixes with air.

(ii) Liquid State Water vapour condenses high up in the atmosphere. It falls on the Earth in the form of rain.

(iii) Solid State It is formed by the freezing of liquid droplets in the upper layer of atmosphere. These droplets fall on the Earth in the form of snow, hail or sleet.

The biologically important compounds that contain both oxygen and nitrogen are nitrates ( NO₂⁻) and nitrates (NO₃⁻). These are important forms of nitrogen to be utilized by the plants to synthesize biomolecules like proteins.

True

Ammonia is a constituent of Urine.

(a) Air.

(b) Water

(c) Earth

(d) Trees

(e) Fossil fuel

(f) Gold.

(g) Sun

1. Photosynthesis

2. Solar energy is converted into electric energy

3. Boiling purpose

4. Light

Seeds from the Jatropha curcas plants are used for the production of biofuel.

“Don’t Waste Water”. 

“Save every drop”.

“Water is life”.

1. The oil extracted from traps is called crude oil.

2. In thermal power stations, Coal is used as fuel to produce electricity.

C) Global warming

Planting Gliricidia on field bunds to restrengthen and make soil nitrogen rich. Farmers were encouraged to use water resource jointly and irrigate land using micro irrigation techniques.

Broad bed furrows land form and contour planting are the other ways of restoration of a resource.