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I will meet officials of International Crop Research Institute for Semi – Arid Tropics (ICRISAT) located at Hyderabad to collect information of the methods of farmer based and community based water management. I also collect information from Central Research Institute for Dry Land Agriculture (CRIDA),National Remote Sensing Agency (NRSA), District Water Management Agency (DWMA) and M Venkatarangaiah Foundation (MVF) and NGO.

Community based interventions: 

1. For water harvesting, there is an urgent need to construct earthen and masonry dams. They help us to store rain water during rainy seasons. They are help in increasing the ground water table. 

2. Construction of percolation pits and field bunding are very helpful in the harvesting every rain drop. 

3. Open dry wells near nalla canal were recharged by building dykes or barriers in the nalla and maintaining the run – off rain water. The ground water is recharged by these community based interventions. Farmer based interventions: 

4. Broad Bed Furrow (BBF) land form and contour planting methods are very useful to conserve soil, water and fertilizer application and weeding operations. 

5. Planting Gliricidia, a leguminous plant adapted to grow in dry areas on field bunds to strengthen them and make the soil nitrogen rich. 

6. Farmers were encouraged to use water resource jointly and irrigate land using micro irrigation methods like sprinklers and drip irrigation.

A) reduce, recycle, reuse, recover

Conservation of Management of Energy Resources :

1. The use of Renewable energy resources should be preferred.
2. Limiting the use of petroleum & searching its new deposits
3. Maximum use of solar energy.
4. Mixing of 20% ethanol in the petrol to reduce its consumption & to minimize pollution.
5. To encourage the use of bio fuel.

It is also called as rain water harvesting. It can be achieved as follows:

1. Accumulation of rainwater for reuse on site.
2. Collection of rainwater in well or shafts or borehole or pits.
3. Formation of small dams to collect rainwater in mountains.
4. Prevention of soil deposition in natural water bodies like lakes, ponds, ditches etc.
5. Improvement of irrigation system in desert and mountain regions with the help of canals. Such as Indira Gandhi Canal Project.

By pursuing the maximum of four R’s i.e., Reduce, Reuse, Recycle and Recover, we can save the environment in an effective way. 

1. Reduce: It means to use less, I would save electricity by switching off unnecessary lights and fans, prefer walking or cycling than using a vechicle, turn off the engine of car at red light, repair leaky taps and would not waste food. 

2. Recycle: It means to collect used things like plastic, paper, galss and metal items and recycle these materials to make required things instead of synthesising or extracting fresh plastic, paper, glass or metal. 

3. Reuse: It refers to use things again and again. For example instead of throwing away used envelops, they can be used by pasting new labels. 

4. Recover: We should implement ‘recover’ to prevent environmental threat. For example when we cut trees to construct industries or roads for transportation, it is important to grow trees in another areas.

It includes all the policies, strategies and activities made to manage the natural resource water, to protect the water environment and to meet the current and future human demand. Some of them are as follows—

1. Use of water strictly according to the need.
2. Covering of bodies like wells.
3. Avoiding pollution of water.
4. Repairing of leaky taps to save water.
5. Prohibition of atomic test in the oceans.
6. Less industrialization in the coastal regions.
7. Spraying of hexadecanol or cetyl alcohol over the desert or reservoirs to prevent evaporation. It form thin layer that retard evaporation.
8. Limited use of underground water which is constantly getting less.
9. Use of fountain irrigation and drip irrigation techniques to reduce water loss caused in surface irrigation.

Inexhaustible resource

Solar energy : It is the radiant energy emitted by the sun. The solar energy is unlimited and can be used infinitely. It does not cause pollution. The solar energy can be used directly as heat energy or by converting it into electrical energy. It can be stored by backup method and can be used during night.

It is the uppermost layer of the Earth which is made up of minerals and degraded organic matter and it is formed by the weathering of the rocks. The soil plays important role in the growth of vegitation by providing water, place and nutrients.

Soil Conservation :

Soil conservation refers to the prevention of soil erosion and to maintain its quality. The most important aspect of soil conservation is to retain the soil particles at their original place. Importance of Soil Conservation Soil cannot be conserved with same methods everywhere. It is based on the location.

Solar energy is an inexhaustible natural resource.

IUCN stands for International Union for the Conservation of Nature.

Reduce, Reuse, Recycle, Recover are the four R’s to save the environment.

Inorganic & organic matter, air, water & some organisms.

1. Development and usage of alternative energy resources in place of bio-fuels. 

2. Minimise the usage of bio-fuels whenever possible. 

3. Use public transport, ride by bicycle and walking regularly. 

4. Use and purchase energy efficient appliances to save bio-fuels.

IUCN monitors the status of endangered wild life, threatened national parks and preserves.

• Man has successfully experimented with some grasses to obtain food grains.
• This helped him to avoid painful wandering for gathering food.
• Therefore, man began to lead a settled life.

Five percent of area in our state is irrigated by other sources of water.

Answer is (D) A or B

Only 2% of cultivable land around the world is irrigated by drip irrigation.

i) A compartive study on available water resources irigation method in the Vaddicharla and Wanaparthi of Warangal Dist of Telangana State.

ii) Lakes, wells, canals and ground water etc…,

iii) Vaddicherla.

iv) Existing tank has been converted into a percolation tank.

Answer is (D) A and C

The amount of water used for irrigation in our state could be reduced by following micro irrigation techniques like drip irrigation, sprinkles, etc., and by growing crops that require less amount of water.

Micro-irrigation: Irrigating crop fields with less amount of water by drip irrigation and sprinkler irrigation. Water conservation method.

Air pollution is the increase in the harmful substance in the air like carbon dioxide, carbon mono oxide, etc. it is caused due to, 

1) Gaseous emissions from vehicles release carbon-di-oxide and carbon mono oxide in the air which is highly toxic. 

2) Smoke coming out from factories and industries also releases more toxic gases into the air making it highly toxic.

3) In villages and other backward areas, still wood and cow dung are burnt as a source of fuel which pollutes the air.

Pollution in simpler words is any activity that can result in harmful consequences or can cause disruption in normal environmental conditions. Whether it is the addition of undesirable substances or removal of desirable ones, harmful substances are getting accumulated in either way. Also, change in temperature of water bodies can also adversely affect the plants growing in the bodies and indirectly affecting the animal life and disrupting the food chain. However, pressure in the water bodies varies naturally as we move more closer towards the base of the sea, so it doesn’t affect the conditions much.

CO₂ is a greenhouse gas, thus its increase will trap more heat and will cause global warming. Also increased CO₂ will increase the rate of photosynthesis however, CO₂ increase doesn't contribute towards deserted conditions. Instead, lack of water and increased temperature causes deserted conditions and will promote the growth of desert plants.

1. No, it is not a good practise to discard waste in a plastic bag. 

2. When we threw the waste along with the plastic bag it takes hundreds of years for the plastic to get destroyed in the soil and the soil gets polluted.

Wildlife plays an important role in the human progress and civilisation. The primitive man had to depend on animals for food and other basic needs. Later on, man began to domesticate animals. Still hunting is carried on in many parts of the world. Many useful and valuable species are becoming extinct due to hunting or killing of animals. Man has upset the ecological balance by killing of birds and animals.

Many steps have been taken for the preservation of wildlife:

• Parks and sanctuaries have been established in hilly areas and forests.
• Hunting of some rare species of animals has been banned.
• Public attention is focused on making efforts for the preservation of wildlife.
• Wild animals like lion, tiger, deer, etc. are protected during closed season when they cannot be hunted.

• The laterite soils are of brick colour.
• These are shallow, acidic and less fertile.
• These are less fertile due to leaching of soil.
• These are poor in nitrogen, potash but very rich in iron.
• These are found in Tamil Nadu, Western Ghats, Rajmahal hills, Vindhyas, Satpuras and Malwa plateau. These soils cover 7.5% area of the country
• Some areas of Maharashtra, Andhra Pradesh, Orissa, Karnataka, Jharkhand also have laterite soils.
• These are suitable for cultivation of Rubber, Tea, Coffee and Coconut.

1. Timber (wood) which is used for buildings.
2. Fruit, medicines and other products.

ICAR (Indian Council of Agricultural Research) has classified Indian soils into 8 types:

1. Alluvial soil
2. Red soil
3. Black soil
4. Laterite soil
5. Desert soil
6. Mountain soil
7. Forest soil
8. Marshy or Peaty soil.

1. six

2. soil

3. physical

4. greenland

5. 71

• Alluvial soils
• Black soils
• Red soils
• Laterite soils
• Forest and Mountain soils
• Desert soils

Natural Resources are free gifts provided by nature. These include land, water, soil, forests, wildlife, minerals, etc.

1. Soils: The main types of soils are :

• Alluvial soils
• Black soils
• Red soils
• Laterite soils
• Forests and Mountain soils
• Desert soils.

Importance: Soil is a valuable resource. It is required for cultivation of crops. Fertile soil is the basis of developed agriculture. It becomes more important for a country like India which is an agricultural country. Many types of soils are found in India and many types of crops are grown on it.

2. Vegetation: The following types of vegetation is found in India :

• Evergreen forests
• Deciduous forests
• Desert forests
• Mountain forests .
• Delta forests.

Importance of Forests: Forests are a valuable resource like a river system, it is a multiple resource. Forests provide mankind with a number of products. Forests have greatly influenced human activities. Modem civilization depends more and more on forests.

Following are the direct and indirect advantages of forests :

• Forests provide many things to meet our food requirements like wild fruits, nuts, berries, etc. Many tribes are dependent on gathering of these products in forests.
• Forests are a source of timber for house-building, furniture-making, ship-building, etc.
• Forests supply about 40% of fuel of the world. Wood has been the major source of fuel in house smelting industries and running locomotives.
• Soft wood trees supply raw materials, wood pulp, paper, rayon industries.
• Many products like rubber, pitch, gum, tanning materials, cork, camphor, fir, herbs, etc. are gathered from forests.
• Forests provide plywood and fibre wood for packing purposes

Correct option is (b) Deforestation

There are six types of soils in India :

1. Alluvial soils
2. Black soils
3. Red soils
4. Laterite soils
5. Forest and Mountain soils
6. Desert soils

The black soil has the ability to hold moisture for a long time. In the rainy season, black soil becomes sticky and wet and so it becomes difficult to plough it. In summer, the upper layer of black soil becomes dry and starts cracking. Eventually, these cracks become large and deep. Thus, due to such properties of black soil, it is called self-ploughing.

Contour Ploughing: Technique of ploughing parallel to the contours of a hill slope rather than up and down the slope, so as to reduce soil erosion.

These are also forests reserved for timber but grazing is allowed subject to minor restrictions. These are 29.2% of total forests.

Some important minerals and ores are:

1. Iron ore: It is used for making farming implements, rails of railway tracks etc. 

2. Manganese: Compounds of manganese are used in the preparation of medicines and for giving a pink tinge to glass. Manganese is also used in electrical appliances. 

3. Bauxite: It contains 55% Aluminium. Therefore, it is used mainly in aeroplanes, transport vehicles and to make electric wire. 

4. Copper: It is used to make electric wires as well as in radios, telephones, vehicles, and for making kitchen utensils and statues. 

5. Mica: Mica has many uses such as in ayurvedic medicines, dyes, electric machines and equipment, wireless communication equipment, etc.

Fossil fuels were produced from the remains of ancient plants and animals.

Petrol, Diesel, and kerosine.

1. The major causes of biodiversity decline are land use changes, pollution, changes in atmosphere, CO₂ concentration, changes in the nitrogen cycle, acid rain, climate alteration and introduction of exotic species.

2. All this is due to population growth. 

3. This is the main cause of the loss of biodiversity. More of wood for fuel is been used, more land is required for food production, livestock grazing etc. 

4. Rainforest land is converted to industrial and residential usage, so natural habitat of birds, animals is destroyed. 

5. Due to population growth most of wild land is converted to crop land. So no space for animals to live, their natural habitat is destroyed.

(a) Use of water.

• For agricultural and industrial purposes.
• For drinking and cooking. 
• For personal hygiene. 
• For our pets. 
• Washing clothes and utensils. 
• Cleaning houses, vehicles, etc. 
• Watering plants in the garden.

(b) Identify the things that leads to wastage of water.

• When we pollute water. 
• When we don’t save water by building dams, water wells and irrigation systems. 
• When we waste water by using it excessively in flushes, bathrooms, etc. 
• When we don’t use water-efficient faucets (taps), showers, etc. 
• When we don’t repair faulty faucets. When we don’t close the tap when not required.
• When we use fountains and sprinklers in the gardens.

Today there are more than 45,000 large dams around the world, which play an important role in communities and economies that harness these water resources for their economic development.

Effects of dams on forest:

1.Thousands of hectares of forest will be cleared.

2. Killing of wild animals and destruction of aquatic life.

3. Spreading of water borne diseases.

4. Water logging increases the salinity of the soil.

Ex: Narmadha Sagar project it has submerged 3.5 lakhs hectares of forest.

Effects of dam on tribal people

1. Construction of big dams lead to the displacement of tribal people.

2. Displacement and cultural change affects the tribal people both mentally and physically.

3. They do not accommodate the modern food habits and life style.

4. Tribal people are ill treated by the modern society.

5. Many of the displaced people were not recognised and resettled or comp

1. Vehicles are powered by gasoline or diesel petrol. 

2. Nowadays compressed natural gas (CNG) is also used. 

3. Aviation petrol, gasoline, diesel, we get from petroleum after fractional distillation. 

4. Petroleum is a non-renewable source of energy. 

5. It is getting depleted day by day and the demand for fuel has increased greatly due to the rapidly growing population. 

6. But the reserves of petroleum (fossil fuel) are limited. 

7. It is becoming difficult to meet the increased demand. So we should prevent the wastage of fuel.

1. Many mining methods such as Mountain Top Removal mining (MTR) devastate the environment. 

2. They destroy soil, plants and animal habitats. 

3. Many mining methods also pollute water and air, as toxic chemicals leak into the surrounding ecosystem.